Coral Reef Diagnostics

Indonesia - Halmahera

NOAA Coral Reef Watch

Regional summary of 30 dive sites. Figures are averages across the sites that report them (n = sites with a value); each site's own page has its individual values. Part of the Indonesia - Maluku overview.

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05
Coral Reef Diagnostics
Photo: Anderson Mayfield/Coral Reef Diagnostics — Indonesia - Halmahera: Kusu Drift (round 2)
Country
Indonesia
Sites
30
each linked below
Hard coral cover (regional mean)
32% ± 11% (std. dev.)
n = 23 of 30 sites. range 12–57%
Water temp. during surveys (regional mean)
—
n = 0 of 30 sites
Coral Health Index (regional mean)
5.00 / 5
n = 1 of 30 sites; 2.5 = average (above average)
Most recent water temperature record
16 Sep 2026 · North Maluku
Most recent heat stress record
16 Sep 2026 · below alert level
Mean annual max degree heating weeks (DHW), last 5 years
2021–2025 · North Maluku
Highest annual heat stress
in 2010 · North Maluku
Severe heat-stress years
1985–2025 · 0 in the last 10 years
Heat-stress figures: NOAA Coral Reef Watch — North Maluku 5-km virtual station. Each pill links its source record and carries the values behind it.
Regional summary

Halmahera's August 2026 liveaboard dives, from Ternate-Tidore strait reefs to current-swept points and offshore seamounts, typically rise from sponge-crusted walls to shallow crests of near-continuous staghorn and table corals. Most dives showed no bleaching, and one produced the largest devil ray school Anderson has seen.

Heat stress

048Week of 2023-01-01: DHW 2.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.63°CWeek of 2023-01-08: DHW 2.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.54°CWeek of 2023-01-15: DHW 2.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.65°CWeek of 2023-01-22: DHW 2.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.71°CWeek of 2023-01-29: DHW 2.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.32°CWeek of 2023-02-05: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.11°CWeek of 2023-02-12: DHW 1.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.17°CWeek of 2023-02-19: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.27°CWeek of 2023-02-26: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.28°CWeek of 2023-03-05: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.41°CWeek of 2023-03-19: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.99°CWeek of 2023-03-26: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.95°CWeek of 2023-04-02: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.74°CWeek of 2023-04-09: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.95°CWeek of 2023-04-16: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.06°CWeek of 2023-04-23: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.33°CWeek of 2023-04-30: DHW 2.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.43°CWeek of 2023-05-07: DHW 3.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.20°CWeek of 2023-05-14: DHW 4.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.12°CWeek of 2023-05-21: DHW 4.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.88°CWeek of 2023-05-28: DHW 4.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.82°CWeek of 2023-06-04: DHW 4.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.96°CWeek of 2023-06-11: DHW 4.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.72°CWeek of 2023-06-18: DHW 4.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.72°CWeek of 2023-06-25: DHW 4.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.72°CWeek of 2023-07-02: DHW 4.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.68°CWeek of 2023-07-09: DHW 4.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.60°CWeek of 2023-07-16: DHW 4.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.28°CWeek of 2023-07-23: DHW 2.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.28°CWeek of 2023-07-30: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.49°CWeek of 2023-08-06: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.39°CWeek of 2023-11-12: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.08°CWeek of 2023-11-19: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.24°CWeek of 2023-11-26: DHW 1.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.13°CWeek of 2023-12-03: DHW 2.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.28°CWeek of 2023-12-10: DHW 2.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.06°CWeek of 2023-12-17: DHW 2.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.92°CWeek of 2023-12-24: DHW 2.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.02°CWeek of 2023-12-31: DHW 2.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.16°CWeek of 2024-01-07: DHW 2.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.06°CWeek of 2024-01-14: DHW 2.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.86°CWeek of 2024-01-21: DHW 2.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.46°CWeek of 2024-01-28: DHW 2.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.54°CWeek of 2024-02-04: DHW 2.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.54°CWeek of 2024-02-11: DHW 2.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.30°CWeek of 2024-02-18: DHW 1.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.65°CWeek of 2024-02-25: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.83°CWeek of 2024-03-03: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.11°CWeek of 2024-03-10: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.84°CWeek of 2024-03-17: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.87°CWeek of 2024-03-24: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.99°CWeek of 2024-03-31: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.17°CWeek of 2024-04-07: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.11°CWeek of 2024-04-14: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.22°CWeek of 2024-04-21: DHW 1.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.41°CWeek of 2024-04-28: DHW 2.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.32°CWeek of 2024-05-05: DHW 2.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.17°CWeek of 2024-05-12: DHW 3.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.20°CWeek of 2024-05-19: DHW 4.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.24°CWeek of 2024-05-26: DHW 5.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.40°CWeek of 2024-06-02: DHW 6.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.36°CWeek of 2024-06-09: DHW 6.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.02°CWeek of 2024-06-16: DHW 6.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.81°CWeek of 2024-06-23: DHW 5.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.57°CWeek of 2024-06-30: DHW 5.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.65°CWeek of 2024-07-07: DHW 5.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.62°CWeek of 2024-07-14: DHW 5.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.49°CWeek of 2024-07-21: DHW 4.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.44°CWeek of 2024-07-28: DHW 3.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.60°CWeek of 2024-08-04: DHW 3.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.57°CWeek of 2024-08-11: DHW 2.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.35°CWeek of 2024-08-18: DHW 1.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.52°CWeek of 2024-08-25: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.72°CWeek of 2024-10-06: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.95°CWeek of 2024-10-13: DHW 1.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.17°CWeek of 2024-10-20: DHW 1.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.97°CWeek of 2024-10-27: DHW 1.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.95°CWeek of 2024-11-03: DHW 2.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.14°CWeek of 2024-11-10: DHW 3.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.48°CWeek of 2024-11-17: DHW 4.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.30°CWeek of 2024-11-24: DHW 5.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.50°CWeek of 2024-12-01: DHW 6.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.18°CWeek of 2024-12-08: DHW 6.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.15°CWeek of 2024-12-15: DHW 6.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.07°CWeek of 2024-12-22: DHW 6.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.77°CWeek of 2024-12-29: DHW 6.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.89°CWeek of 2025-01-05: DHW 6.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.17°CWeek of 2025-01-12: DHW 5.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.13°CWeek of 2025-01-19: DHW 5.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.95°CWeek of 2025-01-26: DHW 5.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.00°CWeek of 2025-02-02: DHW 4.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.86°CWeek of 2025-02-09: DHW 3.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.79°CWeek of 2025-02-16: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.95°CWeek of 2025-02-23: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.78°CWeek of 2025-03-02: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.95°CWeek of 2025-04-13: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.04°CWeek of 2025-04-20: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.87°CWeek of 2025-04-27: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.97°CWeek of 2025-05-04: DHW 1.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.12°CWeek of 2025-05-11: DHW 2.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.28°CWeek of 2025-05-18: DHW 3.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.17°CWeek of 2025-05-25: DHW 4.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.12°CWeek of 2025-06-01: DHW 4.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.85°CWeek of 2025-06-08: DHW 4.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.74°CWeek of 2025-06-15: DHW 4.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.62°CWeek of 2025-06-22: DHW 4.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.62°CWeek of 2025-06-29: DHW 4.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.52°CWeek of 2025-07-06: DHW 4.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.37°CWeek of 2025-07-13: DHW 4.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.18°CWeek of 2025-07-20: DHW 4.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.37°CWeek of 2025-07-27: DHW 3.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.49°CWeek of 2025-08-03: DHW 2.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.48°CWeek of 2025-08-10: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.47°CWeek of 2025-08-17: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.46°CWeek of 2025-10-12: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.02°CWeek of 2025-10-19: DHW 1.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.12°CWeek of 2025-10-26: DHW 1.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.92°CWeek of 2025-11-02: DHW 2.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.06°CWeek of 2025-11-09: DHW 2.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.96°CWeek of 2025-11-16: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.93°CWeek of 2025-11-23: DHW 2.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.15°CWeek of 2025-11-30: DHW 3.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.08°CWeek of 2025-12-07: DHW 3.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.79°CWeek of 2025-12-14: DHW 3.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.98°CWeek of 2025-12-21: DHW 3.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.99°CWeek of 2025-12-28: DHW 3.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.80°CWeek of 2026-01-04: DHW 3.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.57°CWeek of 2026-01-11: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.70°CWeek of 2026-01-18: DHW 1.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.72°CWeek of 2026-01-25: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.90°CWeek of 2026-02-01: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.82°CWeek of 2026-02-08: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.85°CWeek of 2026-02-15: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.72°CWeek of 2026-02-22: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.60°CWeek of 2026-04-26: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.19°CWeek of 2026-05-03: DHW 1.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.13°CWeek of 2026-05-10: DHW 2.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.39°CWeek of 2026-05-17: DHW 3.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.26°CWeek of 2026-05-24: DHW 3.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.81°CWeek of 2026-05-31: DHW 3.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.62°CWeek of 2026-06-07: DHW 3.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.65°CWeek of 2026-06-14: DHW 3.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.49°CWeek of 2026-06-21: DHW 3.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.56°CWeek of 2026-06-28: DHW 3.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.61°CWeek of 2026-07-05: DHW 3.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.53°CWeek of 2026-07-12: DHW 3.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.29°CWeek of 2026-07-19: DHW 3.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.01°CWeek of 2026-07-26: DHW 2.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.97°CWeek of 2026-08-02: DHW 2.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.76°CWeek of 2026-08-09: DHW 1.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.83°C2829303132Bleaching threshold 30.2°C2023202420252026SST (°C)DHW (°C-weeks)
sea surface temperature (SST) (left axis)DHW under 2DHW 2–3DHW 3–5DHW 5–8DHW 8–10DHW over 10 (🔥 above 12)
Daily SST (line) and weekly maximum Degree Heating Weeks (bars), Jan 2023–Sep 2026, NOAA Coral Reef Watch 5-km North Maluku virtual station. Dashed line: bleaching threshold (maximum monthly mean 29.2°C + 1°C). DHW ≥ 4: bleaching likely; ≥ 8: severe bleaching and mortality likely. A bar is drawn only where DHW exceeds zero, so a stretch with no bar is accumulated heat stress of zero, not missing data — the SST line runs the full period.

Long-term record: 2 years since 1985 reached 8 or more °C-weeks at NOAA’s North Maluku station. Download the annual DHW data (CSV).

30 sites in this region — click a marker to open that site.

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Regional setting

Spalding et al. (2001) treat Halmahera as part of the Moluccas, the island groups west of Irian Jaya, which they place in a deep-water sub-region of complex bathymetry where even close neighbors can be separated by more than 1,000 m of water. They say little about Halmahera itself beyond its currents and outlying reefs. During the Northeast Monsoon, a current runs north through the passage between Irian Jaya and Halmahera, reversing in the Southeast Monsoon, and several small atolls lie offshore to the east of the island. Nationally, they estimate Indonesia's reef area at about 51,020 km², around 18% of the world total, with 443 coral species recorded and a higher estimate of 581-602 for the wider biogeographic region. Souter et al. (2021) group the Halmahera ecoregion with the Papua, Banda Sea, Northeast Sulawesi, Gulf of Papua, and Arafura Sea ecoregions in one East Asian Seas subregion of 20,568 km², 26% of the region's reef. The region as a whole holds 78,272 km² of reef and nearly 600 reef-building coral species.

In that subregion, Souter et al. (2021) found that modeled hard coral cover fluctuated considerably over the record while algal cover stayed roughly constant, but the estimate rests on 503 sites, only six of them monitored for more than 15 years. Across the East Asian Seas, the 2010 and 2016 bleaching events cut coral cover, and of 55 long-monitored sampling units that lost at least a fifth of their coral, 25 had not regained 90% of their earlier cover by the 2020 assessment. Earlier, Wilkinson (2006) had described Southeast Asian reefs as still declining in 2004, with some recovery in Indonesia, and judged that only 10-20% of the region's more than 630 marine protected areas were effectively managed.

Overview

The Halmahera sites were dived on an August 2026 liveaboard crossing and fall into three groups. The northern group, in the Ternate-Tidore strait, includes Maitara North, Failonga, AM Point 2, and night dives off the Ternate waterfront. A southern group holds current-swept points and drifts such as Pulau Sebatang, Kusu Drift, Tower Corner, Proco, and Jerot. A western group is made up of offshore seamounts and boulder fields, among them Batu Mandi, Batu Balong, Siko Pinnacle, and Reene's Rock. Most day dives share one profile. Sand, rubble, or sponge-crusted walls sit at 25-35 m, the mid-slope carries shingled foliose plates (Montipora, Echinopora, Pachyseris-type), and the shallow crest is near-continuous staghorn and tabulate Acropora.

The shallows hold the best coral. Anderson ranked Pulau Sebatang among the best coral dives he has done, Tower Corner peaked at 2-7 m, and at Proco no frame came close to bare substrate. Other sites are defined by different communities. Maitara North has a shingled tower of plate coral, while Batu Mangga and Reene's Rock are dominated by sponges, ascidians, and soft corals. Batu Mandi's summit is blanketed in arborescent soft coral. Hard coral cover (Claude CV) across 23 daytime sites ranged from 11.6% at Siko Pinnacle to 56.5% in the Batu Balong shallows near the anchorage. Jerot also logged 22-25°C and thermoclines, several degrees colder than the rest of the crossing.

Most dives recorded no bleaching, disease, or crown-of-thorns. Old, coralline-bound mortality is common: standing dead staghorn at Failonga and Siko Tanjung, and rubble aprons at Tanjung Naraka and AM Point 2. Recent stress is patchy. Crown-of-thorns were photographed at Merida Cavern, beside fresh feeding scars, and at Mugia. Lelay Utara showed active partial bleaching on part of its shallow plateau. Single white or pale colonies turned up at Kusu Drift, Kusu Ridge, Tanjung Dehebra, and Batu Mandi, and Siko Tanjung had a handful of chalk-white massives.

Notable sightings include walking sharks (Hemiscyllium) at Pantai Falajawa, ornate ghost pipefish at Cimitero, and the largest devil ray school Anderson has seen, logged at Tanjung Naraka.

Highlights

Notable observations

Coral cover over time (pooled)

One point per year: the mean of every hard coral cover value available for this region that year — Anderson’s own dives and every independent survey station within 5 km of them. The vertical bar is the full range behind that mean. Different programs use different methods at different stations, so this is a regional summary, not a single comparable series. Marker shape: his own dives, other organizations’ surveys.
0%15%30%45%60%2021202320262021: mean 14% of 4 values (range 1.5–35%)2024: mean 38% of 14 values (range 18–59%)2026: mean 32% of 23 values (range 12–57%)
Sites in this region (30)

Nearby external survey stations

20 independent survey records within 5 km of a site in this region (deduplicated across sites).

Show all 20 records

All images from Coral Reef Diagnostics. Data are from Coral Reef Diagnostics.

© Coral Reef Diagnostics.

References