Coral Reef Diagnostics

Maldives - Central (Male Atolls / Ari / Vaavu)

NOAA Coral Reef Watch

Regional summary of 38 dive sites. Figures are averages across the sites that report them (n = sites with a value); each site's own page has its individual values. Part of the Maldives overview.

⬇ Download this region as a report card
05
Photo: Anderson Mayfield/Coral Reef Diagnostics — Maldives - Big Sand Bank
Country
Maldives
Sites
38
each linked below
Hard coral cover (regional mean)
15% ± 8.6% (std. dev.)
n = 28 of 38 sites. range 2.1–34%; Maldives - Veli counted at its fore reef value 16% (shown separately: fore reef 16% · lagoon 5.3%)
Water temp. during surveys (regional mean)
28.7°C
n = 5 of 38 sites; surveyed Jan 2016–May 2017
Coral Health Index (regional mean)
not yet scored
n = 0 of 38 sites
Most recent water temperature record
26 Oct 2026 · Maldives
Most recent heat stress record
26 Oct 2026 · Bleaching Watch
Mean annual max degree heating weeks (DHW), last 5 years
2021–2025 · Maldives
Highest annual heat stress
in 2016 · Maldives
Severe heat-stress years
1985–2025 · 2 in the last 10 years
Heat-stress figures: NOAA Coral Reef Watch — Maldives 5-km virtual station. Each pill links its source record and carries the values behind it.
Regional summary

Bank reefs, thilas, channels, and walls in the central Maldives atolls were first dived in January 2016 and resurveyed that April, when most recorded colonies at several sites had bleached. Later dives found crown-of-thorns starfish at 18 sites and young corals recolonizing rubble.

Heat stress

04812Week of 2023-04-16: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.54°CWeek of 2023-04-23: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.45°CWeek of 2023-04-30: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.21°CWeek of 2023-05-07: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.21°CWeek of 2023-05-14: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.18°CWeek of 2023-05-21: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.27°CWeek of 2023-05-28: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.07°CWeek of 2023-06-04: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.02°CWeek of 2023-06-11: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.02°CWeek of 2023-06-18: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.87°CWeek of 2023-06-25: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.81°CWeek of 2023-07-02: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.70°CWeek of 2023-07-09: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.67°CWeek of 2024-03-24: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.56°CWeek of 2024-03-31: DHW 1.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.83°CWeek of 2024-04-07: DHW 2.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.90°CWeek of 2024-04-14: DHW 4.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.86°CWeek of 2024-04-21: DHW 5.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.96°CWeek of 2024-04-28: DHW 6.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.93°CWeek of 2024-05-05: DHW 7.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.98°CWeek of 2024-05-12: DHW 9.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.97°CWeek of 2024-05-19: DHW 9.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.24°CWeek of 2024-05-26: DHW 9.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.96°CWeek of 2024-06-02: DHW 9.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.08°CWeek of 2024-06-09: DHW 9.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.28°CWeek of 2024-06-16: DHW 9.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.23°CWeek of 2024-06-23: DHW 8.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.24°CWeek of 2024-06-30: DHW 7.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.43°CWeek of 2024-07-07: DHW 6.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.51°CWeek of 2024-07-14: DHW 5.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.62°CWeek of 2024-07-21: DHW 5.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.56°CWeek of 2024-07-28: DHW 4.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.23°CWeek of 2024-08-04: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.20°CWeek of 2024-08-11: DHW 2.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.72°CWeek of 2024-08-18: DHW 2.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.45°CWeek of 2024-08-25: DHW 2.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.74°CWeek of 2024-09-01: DHW 2.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.76°CWeek of 2024-09-08: DHW 2.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.16°CWeek of 2024-09-15: DHW 2.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.07°CWeek of 2024-09-22: DHW 2.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.85°CWeek of 2024-09-29: DHW 2.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.85°CWeek of 2024-10-06: DHW 1.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.43°CWeek of 2024-10-13: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.44°CWeek of 2025-04-27: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.51°CWeek of 2025-05-04: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.37°CWeek of 2025-05-11: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.08°CWeek of 2025-05-18: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.34°CWeek of 2025-05-25: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.15°CWeek of 2025-06-01: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.16°CWeek of 2025-06-08: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.85°CWeek of 2025-06-15: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.05°CWeek of 2025-06-22: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.19°CWeek of 2025-06-29: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.30°CWeek of 2025-07-06: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.09°CWeek of 2025-07-13: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.75°CWeek of 2025-07-20: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.47°CWeek of 2026-04-12: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.44°CWeek of 2026-04-19: DHW 1.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.95°CWeek of 2026-04-26: DHW 2.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.03°CWeek of 2026-05-03: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.50°CWeek of 2026-05-10: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.93°CWeek of 2026-05-17: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.70°CWeek of 2026-05-24: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.07°CWeek of 2026-05-31: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.12°CWeek of 2026-06-07: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.00°CWeek of 2026-06-14: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.86°CWeek of 2026-06-21: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.86°CWeek of 2026-06-28: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.71°CWeek of 2026-07-05: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.75°CWeek of 2026-07-12: DHW 2.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.65°CWeek of 2026-07-19: DHW 1.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.96°CWeek of 2026-07-26: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.86°C272829303132Bleaching threshold 30.7°C2023202420252026SST (°C)DHW (°C-weeks)
sea surface temperature (SST) (left axis)DHW under 2DHW 2–3DHW 3–5DHW 5–8DHW 8–10DHW over 10 (🔥 above 12)
Daily SST (line) and weekly maximum Degree Heating Weeks (bars), Jan 2023–Oct 2026, NOAA Coral Reef Watch 5-km Maldives virtual station. Dashed line: bleaching threshold (maximum monthly mean 29.7°C + 1°C). DHW ≥ 4: bleaching likely; ≥ 8: severe bleaching and mortality likely. A bar is drawn only where DHW exceeds zero, so a stretch with no bar is accumulated heat stress of zero, not missing data — the SST line runs the full period.

Long-term record: 3 years from 1985 through 2025 reached 8 or more °C-weeks at NOAA’s Maldives station. Download the annual DHW data (CSV).

38 sites in this region — click a marker to open that site.

Read this summary in:

Regional setting

The central atolls sit midway along the Maldives chain, 22 atolls stretching some 800 km north to south on the Chagos–Laccadive Ridge, a volcanic trace of the Réunion hotspot (Spalding et al. 2001). The atlas uses an aerial view of this area to show the two parallel rows in which the atolls are aligned, and illustrates a typical Maldivian lagoon with Felidu and Wataru atolls, just south of South Male, crowded with patch reefs and faros, ring-shaped reefs resembling small atolls that are unusual outside this country. Rims are broad reef flats cut by deep channels and topped with islands and sand cays, and lagoons range from 15 to 55 m deep. When the first protected areas were gazetted in 1995, as protected dive sites, most lay in North Male, South Male, and Ari atolls, among them Banana Reef, HP Reef, Fish Head, and Maaya Thila; more followed in 1999. Before 1998, coral cover on atoll edges, faros, and lagoon knolls exceeded 60% to at least 20 m, but the 1998 bleaching was among the worst recorded and killed up to 90% of hermatypic corals in some areas. Coral mining for building material, estimated at 200,000 to 1 million m³ a year in the early 1990s, was later confined to a few designated reefs. Spalding et al. (2001) estimate about 8,920 km² of reef for the Maldives as a whole, and Souter et al. (2021) give 6,372 km² for the Maldives ecoregion.

As of 2001, Spalding et al. listed the localized effects of the resort-based tourism industry: diver and anchor damage, groynes and jetties that disrupt sand movement, sewage discharged into lagoons, warm effluent from desalination plants, and solid waste. Summarizing the 2004 status report, Wilkinson (2006) notes encouraging recovery after 1998, many marine protected areas run by resorts, and heavy 2004 tsunami damage to shorelines and islands, with reefs less affected. Souter et al. (2021) show Maldivian coral cover recovering until about 2015, then falling after the 2016 bleaching, which killed over 42% of living hard coral across South Asia; localized bleaching continued from 2017 to 2019. All nine of the region's long-term monitoring sites are in the Maldives, and of 30 long-term sampling units that had lost at least a fifth of their coral, 28 had not regained 90% of their earlier cover.

Overview

The central Maldives unit covers North and South Male, Ari, and Vaavu. Five atoll-level markers have only nearby-survey context, and the rest are individual dive sites from two periods of fieldwork. In January 2016, research dives tagged and measured coral colonies at Little Sandy Bank, Raaeundi Reef, Veli, Stage, and Maafushi; Big Sand Bank and the Anantara Dhigu house reef were fun dives on the same trip. A later liveaboard covered thilas, channels, walls, and wrecks, including two night dives in May 2017.

The January 2016 frames show bank reefs, flats, and slopes of cauliflower Pocillopora, staghorn and table Acropora, and massive Porites, with tiered tables at Veli and the Anantara Dhigu house reef. Raaeundi was already a flat of algae-gray staghorn skeletons with living colonies scattered over it. On the liveaboard, Dhega Thila, Hodeli Bodu Giri, and Camel Point carried dense staghorn and table gardens, while Dhigga Thila and Vaadhoo Caves were draped in soft corals. Fish Tank, Fish House, Ghuli Faru, and Moofushi Kandu had little coral. Coral cover comes from two sources. Coral Reef CPR's July 2016 point-intercept transects at the monitoring reefs (we were part of the CPR team), after the 2016 bleaching, read from 8.0% at Raaeundi Reef to 31% at Little Sandy Bank, with Veli shown by habitat (fore reef 16% · lagoon 5.3%); blind Claude computer-vision point counts of Anderson's photographs at the other sites read from 2.1% at Fesdhoo wreck to 34% at Hodeli Bodu Giri.

The 2016 bleaching was recorded directly. At the April 2016 resurvey, every recorded colony at Raaeundi was bleached, as were more than nine in ten at Stage, about 95% at Maafushi, and four in five at Little Sandy Bank. Crown-of-thorns were already at work in January: Anderson's sample sheets record 22 colonies killed by crown-of-thorns starfish on the two Veli research transects, describe Raaeundi as ravaged by crown-of-thorns, and record one starfish each at Little Sandy Bank and Maafushi. Bleaching was not scored on the sheltered Veli Lagoon reef in April, but it lost most of its live coral by July. At Lohosfushi Corner, the table corals were killed when the reef was devastated by both bleaching and crown-of-thorns starfish (Anderson's account); the 2017 sheet records more than 90% coral mortality at 4-8 m. The May 2017 frames also show algae-covered table skeletons with fresh crown-of-thorns damage at Dhigga Thila, along with Pocillopora recruiting across rubble at Back Faru and small colonies recolonizing Miyaru Bay. The May 2017 removal trip took 952 crown-of-thorns starfish. At Dhidhoo Beyru in South Ari Anderson's field sheet records an early-stage outbreak, and at Hodeli Bodu Giri the crew removed starfish with a collection stick.

Highlights

Notable observations (18)

Coral cover over time (pooled)

One point per year: the mean of every hard coral cover value available for this region that year — Anderson’s own dives and every independent survey station within 5 km of them. The vertical bar is the full range behind that mean. Different programs use different methods at different stations, so this is a regional summary, not a single comparable series. Seven values above 70% were excluded as best-patch figures rather than site means. These means leave out 1 value measured with MERMAID bleaching-protocol quadrats, a different method (WCS via MERMAID). Years resting on fewer than three values are drawn as smaller points (1997, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2014). Non-CRD points are from Reef Check Foundation, XL Catlin Seaview Survey (University of Queensland), Montefalcone et al. (2020), Montefalcone et al. (2026), and compilation records whose surveyor is not identified. Marker shape: Anderson’s own dives, other organizations’ surveys, a mix of both, that year.
0%17%34%51%68%1998 bleaching1997201120251997: mean 29% of 2 values (range 17–41%)1998: mean 8.4% of 6 values (range 5.0–12%)2001: mean 8.1% of 3 values (range 7.8–8.8%)2006: mean 20% of 3 values (range 5.6–36%)2007: mean 37% of 1 value2008: mean 42% of 2 values (range 16–67%)2010: mean 35% of 2 values (range 33–38%)2011: mean 39% of 8 values (range 12–62%)2012: mean 36% of 5 values (range 18–45%)2013: mean 35% of 3 values (range 29–44%)2014: mean 26% of 2 values (range 16–36%)2015: mean 25% of 12 values (range 7.1–51%)2016: mean 21% of 18 values (range 5.8–63%)2017: mean 16% of 43 values (range 1.0–53%)2018: mean 17% of 12 values (range 1.9–36%)2019: mean 24% of 16 values (range 7.2–48%)2022: mean 21% of 5 values (range 16–33%)2023: mean 19% of 3 values (range 3.8–27%)2024: mean 39% of 8 values (range 25–60%)2025: mean 33% of 14 values (range 4.7–52%)
Sites in this region (38)

* Based on only 10–19 reef-habitat photos; this estimate is less certain.

Nearby external survey stations

233 independent survey records within 5 km of a site in this region (each record counted once; 148 lines, and a line that pools several records says how many).

Show all 233 records

All images from Coral Reef Diagnostics. Data are from Coral Reef Diagnostics, Reef Check Foundation, XL Catlin Seaview Survey (University of Queensland), Coral Reef CPR, Montefalcone et al. (2020), and Montefalcone et al. (2026).

© Coral Reef Diagnostics.

References