Coral Reef Diagnostics

Indonesia - Komodo

NOAA Coral Reef Watch

Regional summary of 26 dive sites. Figures are averages across the sites that report them (n = sites with a value); each site's own page has its individual values.

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05
Coral Reef Diagnostics
Photo: Anderson Mayfield/Coral Reef Diagnostics — Indonesia - Komodo NP: Police Corner
Country
Indonesia
Sites
26
each linked below
Hard coral cover (regional mean)
21% ± 12% (std. dev.)
n = 17 of 26 sites. range 3.3–53%
Water temp. during surveys (regional mean)
26.0°C
n = 17 of 26 sites; surveyed Aug 2009–Jan 2019
Coral Health Index (regional mean)
4.67 / 5
n = 3 of 26 sites; 2.5 = average (above average)
Most recent water temperature record
16 Sep 2026 · East Nusa Tenggara
Most recent heat stress record
16 Sep 2026 · below alert level
Mean annual max degree heating weeks (DHW), last 5 years
2021–2025 · regional mean of 26 sites, 2 stations
Highest annual heat stress
in 2016 · West Nusa Tenggara
Severe heat-stress years
1985–2025 · 5 in the last 10 years
Heat-stress figures: NOAA Coral Reef Watch — East Nusa Tenggara and West Nusa Tenggara 5-km virtual stations. Each pill links its source record and carries the values behind it.
Regional summary

Komodo's current-swept pinnacles, channels, and island reefs, dived in 2009 and 2019, are often almost entirely covered in living coral, with Acropora dominant. Manta cleaning stations drew 20-30 mantas on one dive, while some sites showed partial bleaching or crown-of-thorns starfish.

Heat stress

0481216Week of 2023-01-01: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.70°CWeek of 2023-01-08: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.58°CWeek of 2023-01-15: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.78°CWeek of 2023-01-22: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.12°CWeek of 2023-01-29: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.75°CWeek of 2023-02-05: DHW 2.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.74°CWeek of 2023-02-12: DHW 2.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.58°CWeek of 2023-02-19: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.00°CWeek of 2023-02-26: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.84°CWeek of 2023-03-05: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.88°CWeek of 2023-03-12: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.50°CWeek of 2023-03-19: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.73°CWeek of 2023-03-26: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.66°CWeek of 2023-04-02: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.24°CWeek of 2023-04-09: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.02°CWeek of 2023-04-16: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.55°CWeek of 2023-04-23: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.39°CWeek of 2023-04-30: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.54°CWeek of 2023-05-07: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.65°CWeek of 2023-05-14: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.16°CWeek of 2023-05-21: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.95°CWeek of 2023-05-28: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.65°CWeek of 2023-06-04: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.66°CWeek of 2023-06-11: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.50°CWeek of 2023-06-18: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.53°CWeek of 2023-11-05: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.53°CWeek of 2023-11-12: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.73°CWeek of 2023-11-19: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.78°CWeek of 2023-11-26: DHW 2.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.88°CWeek of 2023-12-03: DHW 4.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.63°CWeek of 2023-12-10: DHW 5.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.78°CWeek of 2023-12-17: DHW 6.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.95°CWeek of 2023-12-24: DHW 7.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.28°CWeek of 2023-12-31: DHW 9.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.51°CWeek of 2024-01-07: DHW 10.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.46°CWeek of 2024-01-14: DHW 11.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.98°CWeek of 2024-01-21: DHW 12.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.71°CWeek of 2024-01-28: DHW 12.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.70°CWeek of 2024-02-04: DHW 12.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.73°CWeek of 2024-02-11: DHW 12.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.93°CWeek of 2024-02-18: DHW 12.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.16°CWeek of 2024-02-25: DHW 12.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.25°CWeek of 2024-03-03: DHW 13.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.45°CWeek of 2024-03-10: DHW 13.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.09°CWeek of 2024-03-17: DHW 13.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.82°CWeek of 2024-03-24: DHW 12.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.02°CWeek of 2024-03-31: DHW 12.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.02°CWeek of 2024-04-07: DHW 11.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.90°CWeek of 2024-04-14: DHW 12.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.14°CWeek of 2024-04-21: DHW 13.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.91°CWeek of 2024-04-28: DHW 13.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.83°CWeek of 2024-05-05: DHW 13.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.41°CWeek of 2024-05-12: DHW 12.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.45°CWeek of 2024-05-19: DHW 11.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.13°CWeek of 2024-05-26: DHW 9.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.33°CWeek of 2024-06-02: DHW 8.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.17°CWeek of 2024-06-09: DHW 7.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 28.94°CWeek of 2024-06-16: DHW 6.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 28.73°CWeek of 2024-06-23: DHW 5.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 28.58°CWeek of 2024-06-30: DHW 4.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.45°CWeek of 2024-07-07: DHW 2.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.15°CWeek of 2024-07-14: DHW 1.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.15°CWeek of 2024-07-21: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.00°CWeek of 2024-11-03: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.82°CWeek of 2024-11-10: DHW 2.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.20°CWeek of 2024-11-17: DHW 3.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.42°CWeek of 2024-11-24: DHW 5.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.57°CWeek of 2024-12-01: DHW 7.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.06°CWeek of 2024-12-08: DHW 7.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.80°CWeek of 2024-12-15: DHW 7.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.28°CWeek of 2024-12-22: DHW 7.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.22°CWeek of 2024-12-29: DHW 7.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.17°CWeek of 2025-01-06: DHW 7.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.35°CWeek of 2025-01-12: DHW 7.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.30°CWeek of 2025-01-19: DHW 7.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.11°CWeek of 2025-01-26: DHW 7.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.26°CWeek of 2025-02-02: DHW 6.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.27°CWeek of 2025-02-09: DHW 5.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.01°CWeek of 2025-02-16: DHW 3.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.17°CWeek of 2025-02-23: DHW 1.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.84°CWeek of 2025-03-02: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.94°CWeek of 2025-03-09: DHW 2.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.01°CWeek of 2025-03-16: DHW 2.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.75°CWeek of 2025-03-23: DHW 2.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.28°CWeek of 2025-03-30: DHW 2.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.29°CWeek of 2025-04-06: DHW 2.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.69°CWeek of 2025-04-13: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.79°CWeek of 2025-04-20: DHW 3.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.74°CWeek of 2025-04-27: DHW 3.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.74°CWeek of 2025-05-04: DHW 4.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.73°CWeek of 2025-05-11: DHW 4.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.71°CWeek of 2025-05-18: DHW 4.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.60°CWeek of 2025-05-25: DHW 4.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.91°CWeek of 2025-06-01: DHW 4.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.56°CWeek of 2025-06-08: DHW 3.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.37°CWeek of 2025-06-15: DHW 3.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.07°CWeek of 2025-06-22: DHW 3.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.51°CWeek of 2025-06-29: DHW 3.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.54°CWeek of 2025-07-06: DHW 2.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.40°CWeek of 2025-07-13: DHW 2.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.33°CWeek of 2025-07-20: DHW 1.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.19°CWeek of 2025-07-27: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.32°CWeek of 2025-08-03: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.13°CWeek of 2025-08-10: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.10°CWeek of 2025-08-17: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.16°CWeek of 2025-10-24: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.08°CWeek of 2025-10-26: DHW 1.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.00°CWeek of 2025-11-02: DHW 2.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.98°CWeek of 2025-11-09: DHW 3.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.97°CWeek of 2025-11-16: DHW 3.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.39°CWeek of 2025-11-23: DHW 3.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.72°CWeek of 2025-11-30: DHW 3.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.49°CWeek of 2025-12-07: DHW 4.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.03°CWeek of 2025-12-14: DHW 5.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.94°CWeek of 2025-12-21: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.69°CWeek of 2025-12-28: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.47°CWeek of 2026-01-04: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.37°CWeek of 2026-01-11: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.20°CWeek of 2026-01-18: DHW 5.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 28.90°CWeek of 2026-01-25: DHW 4.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 28.87°CWeek of 2026-02-01: DHW 2.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.79°CWeek of 2026-02-08: DHW 2.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.83°CWeek of 2026-02-15: DHW 2.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.90°CWeek of 2026-02-22: DHW 2.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.54°CWeek of 2026-03-01: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.64°CWeek of 2026-03-08: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.46°CWeek of 2026-04-05: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.87°CWeek of 2026-04-12: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.97°CWeek of 2026-04-19: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.86°CWeek of 2026-04-26: DHW 3.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.87°CWeek of 2026-05-03: DHW 4.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.02°CWeek of 2026-05-10: DHW 5.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.80°CWeek of 2026-05-17: DHW 5.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.65°CWeek of 2026-05-24: DHW 5.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.53°CWeek of 2026-05-31: DHW 5.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.15°CWeek of 2026-06-07: DHW 5.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 28.83°CWeek of 2026-06-14: DHW 5.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 28.68°CWeek of 2026-06-21: DHW 5.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 28.53°CWeek of 2026-06-28: DHW 5.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 28.27°CWeek of 2026-07-05: DHW 4.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 28.14°CWeek of 2026-07-12: DHW 3.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.10°CWeek of 2026-07-19: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 27.62°CWeek of 2026-07-26: DHW 1.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 27.49°CWeek of 2026-08-02: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 27.35°CWeek of 2026-08-09: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 27.42°C26272829303132Bleaching threshold 29.8°C2023202420252026SST (°C)DHW (°C-weeks)
sea surface temperature (SST) (left axis)DHW under 2DHW 2–3DHW 3–5DHW 5–8DHW 8–10DHW over 10 (🔥 above 12)
Daily SST (line) and weekly maximum Degree Heating Weeks (bars), Jan 2023–Sep 2026, NOAA Coral Reef Watch 5-km West Nusa Tenggara virtual station. Dashed line: bleaching threshold (maximum monthly mean 28.8°C + 1°C). DHW ≥ 4: bleaching likely; ≥ 8: severe bleaching and mortality likely. A bar is drawn only where DHW exceeds zero, so a stretch with no bar is accumulated heat stress of zero, not missing data — the SST line runs the full period.

Long-term record: 7 years since 1985 reached 8 or more °C-weeks at NOAA’s East Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara stations. Download the annual DHW data (CSV).

26 sites in this region — click a marker to open that site.

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Regional setting

Spalding et al. (2001) treat Komodo within Wallacea, their sub-region spanning Sulawesi and the Nusa Tenggara Islands. They describe mountainous islands with a very complex geological history, active volcanoes along the southern chain, narrow shelves, and deep water between many of the islands. Currents between Sulawesi and the Nusa Tenggara run east in the Northeast Monsoon and reverse in the Southeast Monsoon, while in the Timor Sea to the south they flow west all year. The authors consider conditions here ideal for reef growth: fringing reefs are widespread through the Nusa Tenggara, though their communities were little studied, and well-developed barrier reefs are reported northwest of Sumbawa and north of Flores. They also note that the 1998 bleaching event did relatively little damage over much of the sub-region. Komodo appears in their protected-area list three times, as a 1,733 km² national park (1980), a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (1977), and a World Heritage Site (1991). Nationally, they estimate about 51,020 km² of coral reef in Indonesia, 18% of the global total, with 443 coral species recorded. Souter et al. (2021) group the Lesser Sunda ecoregion with Southern Java in an East Asian Seas subregion of 4,279 km², 5.5% of the region's reef area.

For that subregion, Souter et al. (2021) report that modeled hard coral cover fluctuated considerably while algal cover declined steadily, but none of its 310 survey sites had a record longer than 15 years, so trends there are uncertain. Region-wide, they link drops in coral cover to the 2010 and 2016 mass bleaching events and list overfishing, coastal aquaculture, siltation, eutrophication, and marine plastic litter as the main pressures. In its 2004 summary for Southeast Asia, Wilkinson (2006) described continuing reef decline, with some signs of recovery in Indonesia, and found that only 10-20% of the region's more than 630 marine protected areas were managed effectively.

Overview

The Komodo sites were dived on an August 2009 trip and a January 2019 liveaboard. They range from current-swept pinnacles and channels (Batu Bolong, The Cauldron, Pengah Kecil) and island reefs (Siaba Besar, Siaba Kecil, Tatawa Besar) to rubble-floored manta cleaning stations (Makassar Reef, Mawan). Sand slopes and critter sites (Secret Garden, Wainilu) and the volcanic base of Sangeang (Hot Rocks, Deep Purple) complete the set. Current shapes much of it: Siaba Kecil and Police Corner are low-relief reefs, flattened by flow yet almost entirely covered in living coral.

Acropora dominates the hard coral. Anderson estimated patches at Siaba Kecil and Tatawa Kecil at 80-90% cover, which are best-patch figures rather than site means, and Bonsai Rock has a near-monospecific lavender stand at 5 m. Pocilloporids are common throughout, especially Seriatopora caliendrum and Stylophora pistillata, often fluorescent green. Siaba Besar carries enormous old sheets of Pachyseris at 15-20 m. Elsewhere soft coral takes over, notably in the 5-10 m band at Padar Kecil and across most of Secret Garden. Photo-derived indices ranged from 10.7% on the Makassar Reef rubble to 50.4% at Police Corner. The Cauldron and Bonsai Rock both scored 4.75 on the coral health index, far above the 2.5 average.

Tatawa Besar logged 23°C, possibly during an upwelling, while Hot Rocks had warm sand, hot water seeping from cracks, and young coral growing on lava. Stress was recorded at several sites. At Loh Sera nearly all Seriatopora caliendrum were partly bleached at the branch tips, and Pink Beach, dived the same day, had fewer bleached colonies. Deep Purple held at least two crown-of-thorns, one on a fresh white scar. Tatawa Kecil stands partly on bone-white Acropora rubble, and Siaba Besar showed minor Culcita damage. At Police Corner Anderson noted signs of overfishing, and at Siaba Kecil few large fish.

Large animals are a feature: 20-30 mantas on one Mawan dive and a mobula school at Secret Garden. Pygmy seahorses turned up at Hot Rocks, and ornate ghost pipefish at Wainilu.

Highlights

Notable observations

Coral cover over time (pooled)

One point per year: the mean of every hard coral cover value available for this region that year — Anderson’s own dives and every independent survey station within 5 km of them. The vertical bar is the full range behind that mean. Different programs use different methods at different stations, so this is a regional summary, not a single comparable series. Years resting on fewer than three values are drawn as smaller points (2014). Non-CRD points are from Reef Check Foundation. Marker shape: his own dives, other organizations’ surveys.
0%17%34%51%68%2014201720202014: mean 53% of 1 value2016: mean 49% of 4 values (range 34–67%)2019: mean 21% of 17 values (range 3.3–53%)2020: mean 33% of 5 values (range 8.8–51%)
Sites in this region (26)

Nearby external survey stations

10 independent survey records within 5 km of a site in this region (deduplicated across sites).

All images from Coral Reef Diagnostics. Data are from Coral Reef Diagnostics and Reef Check Foundation.

© Coral Reef Diagnostics.

References