Overview of 24 dive sites (22 with their own page). Figures are averages across the sites that report them (n = sites with a value); each site's own page has its individual values. Part of the Red Sea overview. Regional summaries: Jeddah / KAUST (Thuwal) / Rabigh, Yanbu.
⬇ Download this overview as a report card
Heat stress
Long-term record: 10 years from 1985 through 2025 reached 8 or more °C-weeks at NOAA’s Al Madinah and Makkah station. Download the annual DHW data (CSV).
24 sites in this region — click a marker to open that site.
Overview
Saudi Arabia has more coral reef than any other country in the seas around Arabia, and its Red Sea coast runs from the Gulf of Aqaba to the Yemen border (Spalding et al. 2001). In the north the continental shelf is narrow or absent, reef flats are slim and reef profiles are often steep to sheer, and the shelf broadens southward, with a fairly rapid change around 20°N. Fringing reefs with narrow flats line much of the coast. Offshore, the Al Wadj Bank holds a complex of fringing, patch, and barrier reefs with small islands, and from Al Wadj to Jeddah runs a broken barrier-type structure that has been called the Little Barrier Reef. The coast supports the full range of Red Sea species, including northern endemics, and surveys between 1997 and 1999 recorded about 260 hard coral species. In August and September 1998, reefs at some sites between Yanbu and Rabigh bleached heavily during a spell of high sea temperatures, and Souter et al. (2021) report that the 1998 impacts were most severe in the central-northern Saudi Red Sea, especially near Rabigh, although most bleached reefs across the region recovered. Spalding et al. (2001) estimate about 6,660 km² of coral reef for Saudi Arabia, a national figure that includes its Arabian Gulf coast; Souter et al. (2021) give 7,800 km² for the northern and central Red Sea subregion.
This page gathers 24 sites in three units, all dived between September 2023 and November 2024. Jeddah / KAUST (Thuwal) / Rabigh holds 15: eight off Thuwal worked with Coastline (KAUST), six off Jeddah, and one shore-entry reef north of Rabigh. Yanbu holds seven offshore reefs in the Yanbu and Umluj area, dived with Umluj Dive Center, and South of Jeddah holds two. Al Qunfudah lies far to the south of the rest, at 19.10°N, about 290 km below the Jeddah cluster and 560 km below Yanbu, and its two unnamed reefs were dived together on 30 August 2024 with Al Qunfudah Diver, at a published dive temperature of 31.5°C (Mayfield 2025, Environments 12:248, Appendix A). The first is an old, structurally complex framework carrying a thin living skin — consolidated rock and coralline-crusted rubble with colonies scattered rather than continuous. The second, a few hundred meters away, has more standing structure, including a waist-high candelabra Acropora a couple of meters across and staghorn thickets over tiers of plating corals, and a crown-of-thorns starfish was photographed there. The settings run from a wave-lit reef flat a meter or two under the surface at Alrass Alakhdar and a shallow gully-and-canyon complex at Al Fasmah, through high-relief spur-and-groove honeycombed with swim-throughs at Cement Reef and a Porites-carpeted slope at Um Mankout, to near-vertical walls at Rose Reef and Thetis and eroded, heavily bioeroded pinnacles and caverns rising from sand at Cave Reef. Three members are artificial or barely coralline: the Cement Wreck and Chicken Wreck at Thuwal and Jeddah, and Drogon Corals, which is mostly a sand plain with isolated bommies. Two sites have no photographs and no cover value at all, Middle Reef off Thuwal and Al Shbareer reef off Yanbu.
Published point-count cover exists for 22 of the 24 sites and averaged 19%, a narrow band from 13% on the Cement Wreck to 30% at Alrass Alakhdar; the three units are close together, at 18% (n = 14) off Jeddah and Thuwal, 21% (n = 6) off Yanbu, and 17% (n = 2) at Al Qunfudah. Algal cover stayed low throughout, from 5.5% to 12%. The community is consistent along the whole stretch: pocilloporids in lavender, magenta, rose, and hot-pink color forms, corymbose, digitate, staghorn, and table Acropora, knobby and columnar Porites, faviids, and Millepora-type fire coral. Individual sites stand out for structure rather than for cover. Coral Gardens off Jeddah is built on giant Porites mounds several meters across; Um Mankout carries a near-continuous Porites framework with almost no bare pavement; Anderson's Reef-II has a bommie the size of a small building with its crown covered in lilac and gold arborescent soft corals. Recorded maximum depths ran from 15 m at Al Fasmah to 36.0 m on Rose Reef's wall, with Thetis at 34.0 m.
What this set records is the 2023-24 Red Sea marine heatwaves, with a measured bleaching percentage at nearly every site. Across the 22 sites with a value, bleaching averaged 32.9% of coral tissue and ranged from 13.8% at the first Al Qunfudah reef to 71.7% at Shark Reef off Thuwal, where whole slopes were white and three crown-of-thorns starfish (one on 31 August and two on 14 September 2024) were photographed amid the bleaching. North Rabigh followed at 64.8% at about 16.9 degree-heating-weeks, and Bhadur Reef at 62.0% at about 22.3 degree-heating-weeks, where soft corals, fungiids, and anemones bleached along with the hard corals. Off Yanbu, Alrass Alakhdar was at 59% in September 2023, with multi-meter stands of knobby Porites bone-white beside fully pigmented pocilloporids, and Thetis at 62% in October 2023.
The striking thing is how sharply neighboring reefs differed and how little the pattern tracked accumulated heat. In the same August 2024 window in which Shark Reef read 73% and North Rabigh 65%, Anderson's Reef-I and Reef-II off Jeddah read 17% and 19%, and Coral Gardens rose only from 41% to 45% over one week. Rose Reef, with 720 photographs from six of its eight visits, ranged from 23% to 62%. The sharpest counterexample is Al Qunfudah. Its two reefs carried about 20.4°C-weeks and bleached 13.8% and 18.1%. Bhadur Reef, at a comparable 22.3°C-weeks, bleached 62.0%. Seven visits bleached with no accumulated heat stress recorded at all: Rose Reef at 22.7%, Cave Reef at 26.8%, Abu Ejeiah at 12.7%, and Cement Reef at 20.1% in February 2024, and Abu Galawa at 25.3%, Mr. Umluj at 27.7%, and the Cement Wreck at 25.3% in April 2024; at Mr. Umluj bleaching barely moved between that April visit and August 2024 (26.6%, at 14.2 degree-heating-weeks). Cover fell where the heat bit hardest: Thetis went from 33% in October 2023 to 13% in August 2024, when the wall was darker and dominated by soft corals and sponges. Souter et al. (2021), writing before all of this, had coral cover in the northern and central Red Sea rising slowly to 39% by 2019 after a fall from 35% in 1997 to 30% in 2002, and named land runoff, eutrophication, and overfishing as the main local drivers, with coastal development an added pressure under the kingdom's Vision 2030 plans.
Highlights
- Shark Reef (Thuwal) had 72.8% and 70.8% of coral tissue bleached on two 2024 visits, and three crown-of-thorns starfish were photographed amid the bleaching.
photo: Saudi Red Sea - Shark Reef (Thuwal) - Al Qunfudah, 290 km south of Jeddah, carried about 20.4°C-weeks of accumulated heat yet bleached 13.8% and 18.1%.
- August 2024 bleaching figures: the two Al Qunfudah reefs (13.8% and 18.1%) and Anderson's Reef-I and Reef-II off Jeddah (17.2% and 18.9%).
photo: Saudi Red Sea - Anderson's Reef-I (Jeddah) - Coral Gardens (Jeddah) is built on giant Porites mounds and held 28% cover, while 41.4% of its tissue was bleached.
photo: Saudi Red Sea - Coral Gardens (Jeddah) - Alrass Alakhdar (Yanbu) held 30% cover, while 58.5% of its coral tissue was bleached in September 2023.
photo: Saudi Red Sea - Alrass Alakhdar (Yanbu) - Thetis cover more than halved between October 2023 (33%, 62.1% bleached) and August 2024 (13%).
photo: Saudi Red Sea - Thetis (Yanbu) - Rose Reef has 720 photographs from six of its eight visits, with bleaching from 22.7% to 62.0%.
photo: Saudi Red Sea - Rose Reef (Thuwal) - Seven visits bleached with no accumulated heat stress recorded: Rose Reef (22.7%), Cave Reef (26.8%), Abu Ejeiah (12.7%), and Cement Reef (20.1%) in February 2024, and Abu Galawa (25.3%), Mr. Umluj (27.7%), and the Cement Wreck (25.3%) in April 2024.
photo: Saudi Red Sea - Rose Reef (Thuwal) - Cement Reef (Thuwal): high-relief spur-and-groove honeycombed with swim-throughs, dense pocilloporid thickets, and cobalt Acropora on the upper slope.
photo: Saudi Red Sea - Cement Reef (Thuwal) - Masked butterflyfish (Chaetodon semilarvatus), a Red Sea endemic, and a requiem shark at Abu Galawa.
photo: Saudi Red Sea - Abu Galawa (Yanbu)
Notable observations (16)
- Saudi Red Sea - Shark Reef (Thuwal): Bleaching and crown-of-thorns: 72.8% of coral tissue bleached (31 Aug 2024) and 70.8% (14 Sep 2024), with whole slopes where most visible colonies are stark white. Three crown-of-thorns starfish (one on 31 Aug and two different ones on 14 Sep 2024) photographed amid bleached and dying coral. Pink-lavender colonies on both days show fluorescent (colorful) bleaching, and a rust-orange cyanobacterial mat overgrows dead framework (14 Sep 2024). Anderson's field notes record severe bleaching, dead corals, and a dying reef.
- Saudi Red Sea - north Rabigh (shore) (Rabigh): Bleaching: 64.8% of coral tissue bleached at about 16.9 degree-heating-weeks (16 Aug 2024); much of the branching framework stark bone-white, and a massive dome with freshly exposed skeleton already fouling brown.
- Saudi Red Sea - Bhadur Reef (Jeddah): Bleaching and mortality: 62.0% of coral tissue bleached at about 22.3 degree-heating-weeks (7 Sep 2024); soft corals, fungiids, and anemones bleached with the hard corals. Anderson's field notes record total bleaching, dead acroporids, and dying pocilloporids.
- Saudi Red Sea - Thetis (Yanbu): Bleaching and cover loss: 62.1% of coral tissue bleached in October 2023 (19.9 degree-heating-weeks) and 25.0% in August 2024; cover fell from 33% to 13% between the two visits.
- Saudi Red Sea - Alrass Alakhdar (Yanbu): Bleaching: 58.5% of coral tissue bleached at about 14.9 degree-heating-weeks (16 Sep 2023); entire multi-meter stands of knobby Porites bone-white beside fully pigmented pocilloporids.
- Saudi Red Sea - Rose Reef (Thuwal): Bleaching: site-level 43% of coral tissue, ranging 22.7% to 62.0% across six visits; mass bleaching of tabulate and corymbose Acropora on the shallow flat in November 2023, with host anemones bleached white.
- Saudi Red Sea - Coral Gardens (Jeddah): Bleaching: 41.4% (10 Aug 2024) rising to 45.4% (17 Aug 2024) of coral tissue bleached; near-universal paling of the large Porites mounds and a stark-white Pocillopora verrucosa.
- Saudi Red Sea - Abu Ejeiah (Thuwal): Bleaching: 29.5% of coral tissue at site level, ranging 12.7% to 69.5% across four visits; July 2024 frames show scattered bleached colonies and patches across the wall and slope, among mostly pigmented coral.
- Saudi Red Sea - Um Mankout (Yanbu): Bleaching and debris: 28.0% of coral tissue bleached (15 Sep 2023), with the columnar Porites carpet reading widely pale and a few frankly white colonies; a corroded discarded metal object on the sand at the reef base; a derelict fish trap overgrown by corals and a fish trap holding fish towed over the sand by a diver, and Anderson logged 'Clear evidence of overfishing' on the dawn dive.
- Saudi Red Sea - Mr. Umluj (Yanbu): Bleaching without a clear heat signal: 27.7% of coral tissue bleached in April 2024 at zero degree-heating-weeks and 26.6% in August 2024 at 14.2; scattered pale and white colonies in both years.
- Saudi Red Sea - Cave Reef (Thuwal): Bleaching and partial mortality without accumulated heat stress: 26.8% of coral tissue bleached on 9 February 2024; faviids with white dead-skeleton patches, and fresh white scars Anderson recorded as fish bites, not disease.
- Saudi Red Sea - Abu Galawa (Yanbu): Bleaching: 25.3% of coral tissue bleached on 19 April 2024 with no accumulated heat stress; even in the un-strobed frames, individual stark-white branching colonies, among them a bleached pocilloporid, stand out among pigmented neighbors.
- Saudi Red Sea - Chicken Wreck (Jeddah): Disease and bleaching: a large plating colony with a ring-shaped tissue-loss lesion (which Anderson recorded as disease) and a Favites colony recorded as dying, with an algae-covered crown; 20.3% to 28.3% of coral tissue bleached across three August 2024 visits.
- Saudi Red Sea - Cement Wreck (Thuwal): Bleaching and mortality: 32.0% (Sep 2023), 25.3% (Apr 2024), and 18.7% (Jul 2024) of coral tissue bleached; old partial mortality on a large Diploastrea heliopora, and by 9 November 2024 Anderson logged that most of the corals on the wreck had died from bleaching. Cover of 13%.
- Saudi Red Sea - Al Fasmah (Yanbu): Debris: a fouled pipe lies across the reef (Anderson's frame).
- Saudi Red Sea - Cement Reef (Thuwal): Debris: an old line lies across the reef, colonized by a small branching coral (Anderson's frame).
Coral cover over time (pooled)
Sites in this region (24)
- Saudi Red Sea - Abu Ejeiah (Thuwal) — 15% coral cover
- Saudi Red Sea - Abu Galawa (Yanbu) — 18% coral cover
- Saudi Red Sea - Al Fasmah (Yanbu) — 22% coral cover
- Saudi Red Sea - Al Shbareer reef (Yanbu)
- Saudi Red Sea - Alrass Alakhdar (Yanbu) — 30% coral cover
- Saudi Red Sea - Anderson's Reef-I (Jeddah) — 23% coral cover
- Saudi Red Sea - Anderson's Reef-II (Jeddah) — 21% coral cover
- Saudi Red Sea - Bhadur Reef (Jeddah) — 21% coral cover
- Saudi Red Sea - Cave Reef (Thuwal) — 16% coral cover
- Saudi Red Sea - Cement Reef (Thuwal) — 22% coral cover
- Saudi Red Sea - Cement Wreck (Thuwal) — 13% coral cover
- Saudi Red Sea - Chicken Wreck (Jeddah) — 17% coral cover
- Saudi Red Sea - Coral Gardens (Jeddah) — 28% coral cover
- Saudi Red Sea - Drogon Corals (Jeddah) — 14% coral cover
- Saudi Red Sea - Long Reef (Thuwal) — 14% coral cover
- Saudi Red Sea - Middle Reef (Thuwal)
- Saudi Red Sea - Mr. Umluj (Yanbu) — 17% coral cover
- Saudi Red Sea - north Rabigh (shore) (Rabigh) — 24% coral cover
- Saudi Red Sea - Rose Reef (Thuwal) — 14% coral cover
- Saudi Red Sea - Shark Reef (Thuwal) — 16% coral cover
- Saudi Red Sea - Thetis (Yanbu) — 16% coral cover
- Saudi Red Sea - Um Mankout (Yanbu) — 26% coral cover
- Saudi Red Sea - unnamed site 1 (Al Qunfudah) — 16% coral cover
- Saudi Red Sea - unnamed site 2 (Al Qunfudah) — 17% coral cover
% coral cover by method
Pooled across 22 dive sites
| Method | Mean % coral cover | Std. dev. between dive sites | n dive sites | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Published point count (CoralNet-assisted) | 19% | ±4.8 | 22 | — |
| CoralSCOP (SAM-based mask-sum), edited photos | 26% | ±4.3 | 22 | — |
| Claude (Anthropic), blind point count | 19% | ±7.2 | 22 | — |
| In-house DINOv3 point classifier | 38% | ±13 | 5 | 1 of these 5 values rests on 10–19 photographs (*) |
The mean is an UNWEIGHTED mean of the dive site values — each dive site counts once, whatever its photo count — which is the convention of the published tables and of every other figure on this page. Each value is the one printed on that dive site's own page; a page that prints no value for a method (fewer than 10 photographs) is left out of that method's mean.
Closest to the reference
Over the dive sites where an independent reference exists, Claude (Anthropic), blind point count sits closest to it — a mean absolute deviation of 2.8 pp across 5 dive sites, then In-house DINOv3 point classifier 16.8 pp (n=5). Not in this ranking: CoralSCOP (edited), which measures coral area rather than points. A mean absolute deviation is not an accuracy score: a model with a consistent offset is correctable, while one with the same deviation scattered in both directions is not.
By dive site
| Dive site | Published point count | CoralSCOP (edited) | Claude | DINOv3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abu Ejeiah (Thuwal) | 15% n=417 | 24% n=367 | 17% n=366 | too few photos n=4 |
| Cement Reef (Thuwal) | 22% n=469 | 29% n=471 | 24% n=478 | 26% n=95 |
| Cement Wreck (Thuwal) | 13% n=383 | 21% n=391 | 12% n=387 | 34%* n=11 |
| Rose Reef (Thuwal) | 14% n=720 | 24% n=455 | 13% n=438 | too few photos n=3 |
| Long Reef (Thuwal) | 14% n=90 | 24% n=91 | 12% n=88 | — |
| Cave Reef (Thuwal) | 16% n=68 | 22% n=70 | 16% n=65 | too few photos n=2 |
| Shark Reef (Thuwal) | 16% n=421 | 22% n=330 | 14% n=351 | — |
| Drogon Corals (Jeddah) | 14% n=67 | 22% n=66 | 10% n=65 | too few photos n=1 |
| Chicken Wreck (Jeddah) | 17% n=251 | 24% n=153 | 10% n=171 | 27% n=126 |
| Anderson's Reef-I (Jeddah) | 23% n=146 | 29% n=147 | 20% n=146 | too few photos n=1 |
| Coral Gardens (Jeddah) | 28% n=300 | 29% n=254 | 25% n=271 | 44% n=156 |
| Bhadur Reef (Jeddah) | 21% n=222 | 27% n=167 | 18% n=174 | — |
| Anderson's Reef-II (Jeddah) | 21% n=174 | 25% n=174 | 19% n=175 | too few photos n=3 |
| north Rabigh (shore) (Rabigh) | 24% n=173 | 30% n=122 | 23% n=158 | 57% n=175 |
| Um Mankout (Yanbu) | 26% n=228 | 32% n=229 | 29% n=227 | too few photos n=2 |
| Alrass Alakhdar (Yanbu) | 30% n=59 | 36% n=58 | 39% n=57 | — |
| Al Fasmah (Yanbu) | 22% n=116 | 31% n=116 | 27% n=116 | — |
| Thetis (Yanbu) | 16% n=170 | 21% n=171 | 12% n=169 | too few photos n=5 |
| Abu Galawa (Yanbu) | 18% n=138 | 31% n=138 | 22% n=135 | — |
| Mr. Umluj (Yanbu) | 17% n=326 | 22% n=326 | 17% n=326 | — |
| unnamed site 1 (Al Qunfudah) | 16% n=130 | 31% n=119 | 18% n=123 | — |
| unnamed site 2 (Al Qunfudah) | 17% n=80 | 24% n=70 | 11% n=86 | — |
| Thuwal: published area value (Mayfield 2025, Table 4) | 16% n=2,567 | — | — | — |
| Jeddah: published area value (Mayfield 2025, Table 4) | 22% n=1,160 | — | — | — |
| Rabigh: published area value (Mayfield 2025, Table 4) | 24% n=173 | — | — | — |
| Yanbu: published area value (Mayfield 2025, Table 4) | 20% n=1,036 | — | — | — |
| Qunfudah: published area value (Mayfield 2025, Table 4) | 17% n=210 | — | — | — |
n under each value is the number of photographs that method scored at that dive site. ⚠ marks a cell that is not an independent check. * marks a value resting on only 10–19 photographs, which is less certain.
Reference: each dive site's own published CoralNet point count by the author, as its page prints it (CoralNet-assisted, on that site's photographs; Mayfield 2025, Environments 12:248). Denominator: coral points / (30 − water − fish points); unknown points stay in the denominator (Mayfield 2025 convention); diver points are excluded as well, per the Red Sea paper. Source: each member dive-site page. Each row is a member dive site, and every value is the one printed on that dive site's own page; the computer-vision values ran on that site's own photographs. No value here comes from computer vision run on an area's representative photographs. Rows labeled “published area value” are the published area values (Mayfield 2025, Environments 12:248, Table 4); each summarizes the same dives as the dive-site rows beside it, so none is in any mean on this page.
Nearby external survey stations
24 independent survey records within 5 km of a site in this region (each record counted once; 15 lines, and a line that pools several records says how many).
- Aeby et al. (2021) — Qita al Kirsh (2015): 60% hard coral cover, 0.36 km from Saudi Red Sea - Shark Reef (Thuwal)
- Aeby et al. (2021) — Shi'b Nazar (2015): 39% hard coral cover, 0.57 km from Saudi Red Sea - Long Reef (Thuwal)
- Aeby et al. (2021) — Yanbu 2 (2015): 42% hard coral cover, 3.78 km from Saudi Red Sea - Mr. Umluj (Yanbu)
- Aeby et al. (2021) — Yanbu 3 (2015): 50% hard coral cover, 4.22 km from Saudi Red Sea - Mr. Umluj (Yanbu)
- Aeby et al. (2021) — Yanbu 4 (2015): 83% hard coral cover best patch, 1.48 km from Saudi Red Sea - Al Fasmah (Yanbu)
- Aeby et al. (2021) — Yanbu 6 (2015): 51% hard coral cover, 1.79 km from Saudi Red Sea - Al Fasmah (Yanbu)
- Furby et al. (2013) — Midshelf reef 2 (2010): 23% hard coral cover, 0.36 km from Saudi Red Sea - Shark Reef (Thuwal) (3 records)
- Furby et al. (2013) — Offshore reef 1 (2010): 31% hard coral cover, 1.51 km from Saudi Red Sea - Cave Reef (Thuwal) (3 records)
- Khalil et al. (2017) (2013): 26% hard coral cover, 1.05 km from Saudi Red Sea - Abu Ejeiah (Thuwal) (2 records)
- Khalil et al. (2017) (2013): 21% hard coral cover, 4.46 km from Saudi Red Sea - Long Reef (Thuwal) (2 records)
- Khalil et al. (2017) (2013): 31% hard coral cover, 3.81 km from Saudi Red Sea - Anderson's Reef-II (Jeddah) (2 records)
- Monroe et al. (2018) — Midshelf reef 2 (2015): 37% hard coral cover, 0.36 km from Saudi Red Sea - Shark Reef (Thuwal)
- Monroe et al. (2018) — Offshore reef 1 (2015): 28% hard coral cover, 0.57 km from Saudi Red Sea - Long Reef (Thuwal)
- Reef Check — Sheraton, KSA (2024): 12% hard coral cover, mean of 2 surveys, 3.16 km from Saudi Red Sea - Bhadur Reef (Jeddah) (2 records)
- Reef Check — Sheraton, KSA (2025): 11% hard coral cover, mean of 2 surveys (3.5 m and 8.5 m), 3.16 km from Saudi Red Sea - Bhadur Reef (Jeddah) (2 records)
All images from Coral Reef Diagnostics. Data are from Coral Reef Diagnostics, Reef Check Foundation, Aeby et al. (2021), Khalil et al. (2017), Furby et al. (2013), and Monroe et al. (2018).
© Coral Reef Diagnostics.
References
- Mayfield AB (2025). Using Tourist Diver Photos to Assess the Effects of Marine Heatwaves on Central Red Sea Coral Reefs. Environments 12:248. PDF
- Spalding MD, Ravilious C, Green EP (2001). World Atlas of Coral Reefs. University of California Press, Berkeley. PDF
- Souter D, Planes S, Wicquart J, Logan M, Obura D, Staub F (eds) (2021). Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2020. International Coral Reef Initiative / Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network. PDF
- Aeby GS, Shore A, Jensen T, Ziegler M, Work T, Voolstra CR (2021). A comparative baseline of coral disease in three regions along the Saudi Arabian coast of the central Red Sea. PLOS ONE 16:e0246854. PDF
- Khalil MT, Bouwmeester J, Berumen ML (2017). Spatial variation in coral reef fish and benthic communities in the central Saudi Arabian Red Sea. PeerJ 5:e3410. DOI
- Furby KA, Bouwmeester J, Berumen ML (2013). Susceptibility of central Red Sea corals during a major bleaching event. Coral Reefs 32:505-513. DOI
- Monroe AA, Ziegler M, Roik A, Röthig T, Hardenstine RS, Emms MA, et al. (2018). In situ observations of coral bleaching in the central Saudi Arabian Red Sea during the 2015/2016 global coral bleaching event. PLOS ONE 13:e0195814. PDF