Coral Reef Diagnostics

Saudi Arabia - Yanbu

NOAA Coral Reef Watch

Regional summary of 7 dive sites (6 with their own page). Figures are averages across the sites that report them (n = sites with a value); each site's own page has its individual values. Part of the Saudi Arabia overview.

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05
Coral Reef Diagnostics
Photo: Anderson Mayfield/Coral Reef Diagnostics — Saudi Red Sea - Um Mankout (Yanbu)
Sites
7
each linked below
Hard coral cover (regional mean)
21% ± 5.6% (std. dev.)
n = 6 of 7 sites. range 16–30%
Water temp. during surveys (regional mean)
30.4°C
n = 6 of 7 sites; surveyed Sep 2023–Nov 2024; 1 site logged as a range, counted at its midpoint
Coral Health Index (regional mean)
2.25 / 5
n = 1 of 7 sites; scale of zero to five, higher is healthier
Coral bleached (regional mean)
33%
Most recent water temperature record
26 Oct 2026 · Al Madinah and Makkah
Most recent heat stress record
26 Oct 2026 · Alert Level 2
Mean annual max degree heating weeks (DHW), last 5 years
2021–2025 · Al Madinah and Makkah
Highest annual heat stress
in 2024 · Al Madinah and Makkah
Severe heat-stress years
1985–2025 · 6 in the last 10 years
Heat-stress figures: NOAA Coral Reef Watch — Al Madinah and Makkah 5-km virtual station. Each pill links its source record and carries the values behind it.
Regional summary

Offshore Red Sea reefs near Yanbu and Umluj, from a shallow reef flat to deep walls, were dived through the 2023-24 marine heatwaves. Porites, Acropora, and colorful pocilloporids dominate, and at Thetis cover more than halved between October 2023 and August 2024.

Heat stress

04812162024Week of 2023-01-01: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.80°CWeek of 2023-06-04: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.56°CWeek of 2023-06-11: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.16°CWeek of 2023-06-18: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.32°CWeek of 2023-06-25: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.37°CWeek of 2023-07-02: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.31°CWeek of 2023-07-09: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.97°CWeek of 2023-07-16: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.67°CWeek of 2023-07-23: DHW 2.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.97°CWeek of 2023-07-30: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.41°CWeek of 2023-08-06: DHW 5.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.08°CWeek of 2023-08-13: DHW 7.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.16°CWeek of 2023-08-20: DHW 9.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.83°CWeek of 2023-08-27: DHW 11.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.73°CWeek of 2023-09-03: DHW 13.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.96°CWeek of 2023-09-10: DHW 14.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.84°CWeek of 2023-09-17: DHW 16.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 33.13°CWeek of 2023-09-24: DHW 18.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 33.33°CWeek of 2023-10-01: DHW 20.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 33.52°CWeek of 2023-10-08: DHW 22.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 33.27°CWeek of 2023-10-15: DHW 22.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.96°CWeek of 2023-10-22: DHW 22.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.75°CWeek of 2023-10-29: DHW 21.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.90°CWeek of 2023-11-05: DHW 20.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.44°CWeek of 2023-11-12: DHW 18.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.79°CWeek of 2023-11-19: DHW 15.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.25°CWeek of 2023-11-26: DHW 13.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.98°CWeek of 2023-12-03: DHW 11.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.77°CWeek of 2023-12-10: DHW 9.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.31°CWeek of 2023-12-17: DHW 8.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.01°CWeek of 2023-12-24: DHW 6.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.65°CWeek of 2023-12-31: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.65°CWeek of 2024-01-07: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.29°CWeek of 2024-01-14: DHW 1.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.08°CWeek of 2024-06-02: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.54°CWeek of 2024-06-09: DHW 1.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.52°CWeek of 2024-06-16: DHW 3.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 33.47°CWeek of 2024-06-23: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.35°CWeek of 2024-06-30: DHW 5.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.02°CWeek of 2024-07-07: DHW 6.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.91°CWeek of 2024-07-14: DHW 8.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.94°CWeek of 2024-07-21: DHW 9.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.29°CWeek of 2024-07-28: DHW 11.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.93°CWeek of 2024-08-04: DHW 14.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 33.02°CWeek of 2024-08-11: DHW 17.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 33.30°CWeek of 2024-08-18: DHW 19.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.80°CWeek of 2024-08-25: DHW 20.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.45°CWeek of 2024-09-01: DHW 22.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.63°CWeek of 2024-09-08: DHW 22.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.32°CWeek of 2024-09-15: DHW 21.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.47°CWeek of 2024-09-22: DHW 21.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.73°CWeek of 2024-09-29: DHW 21.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.80°CWeek of 2024-10-06: DHW 22.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.98°CWeek of 2024-10-13: DHW 22.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.87°CWeek of 2024-10-20: DHW 21.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.83°CWeek of 2024-10-27: DHW 20.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.44°CWeek of 2024-11-03: DHW 18.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.96°CWeek of 2024-11-10: DHW 15.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.85°CWeek of 2024-11-17: DHW 13.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.56°CWeek of 2024-11-24: DHW 11.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.27°CWeek of 2024-12-01: DHW 9.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.95°CWeek of 2024-12-08: DHW 7.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.77°CWeek of 2024-12-15: DHW 6.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.23°CWeek of 2024-12-22: DHW 5.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.02°CWeek of 2024-12-29: DHW 4.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.74°CWeek of 2025-01-05: DHW 2.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.25°CWeek of 2025-01-12: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.01°CWeek of 2025-01-19: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.90°CWeek of 2025-07-06: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.54°CWeek of 2025-07-13: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.85°CWeek of 2025-07-20: DHW 1.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.39°CWeek of 2025-07-27: DHW 2.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.60°CWeek of 2025-08-03: DHW 2.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.69°CWeek of 2025-08-10: DHW 3.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.82°CWeek of 2025-08-17: DHW 5.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.33°CWeek of 2025-08-24: DHW 7.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.37°CWeek of 2025-08-31: DHW 8.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.83°CWeek of 2025-09-07: DHW 8.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.04°CWeek of 2025-09-14: DHW 9.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.41°CWeek of 2025-09-21: DHW 10.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.63°CWeek of 2025-09-28: DHW 10.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.39°CWeek of 2025-10-05: DHW 9.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.26°CWeek of 2025-10-12: DHW 9.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.97°CWeek of 2025-10-19: DHW 9.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.61°CWeek of 2025-10-26: DHW 7.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.45°CWeek of 2025-11-02: DHW 7.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.20°CWeek of 2025-11-09: DHW 6.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.99°CWeek of 2025-11-16: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.67°CWeek of 2025-11-23: DHW 2.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.30°CWeek of 2025-11-30: DHW 1.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.16°CWeek of 2025-12-07: DHW 1.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.72°CWeek of 2025-12-14: DHW 1.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.29°CWeek of 2025-12-21: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.70°CWeek of 2025-12-28: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.64°CWeek of 2026-06-07: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.46°CWeek of 2026-06-14: DHW 1.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.55°CWeek of 2026-06-21: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.57°CWeek of 2026-06-28: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.96°CWeek of 2026-07-05: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.23°CWeek of 2026-07-12: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.16°CWeek of 2026-07-19: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.49°CWeek of 2026-07-26: DHW 2.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.31°CWeek of 2026-08-02: DHW 2.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.30°CWeek of 2026-08-09: DHW 2.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.23°CWeek of 2026-08-16: DHW 2.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.83°CWeek of 2026-08-23: DHW 2.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.18°CWeek of 2026-08-30: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.72°CWeek of 2026-09-06: DHW 3.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.75°CWeek of 2026-09-13: DHW 4.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 33.31°CWeek of 2026-09-20: DHW 6.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 33.34°CWeek of 2026-09-27: DHW 7.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 33.26°C2628303234Bleaching threshold 31.9°C2023202420252026SST (°C)DHW (°C-weeks)
sea surface temperature (SST) (left axis)DHW under 2DHW 2–3DHW 3–5DHW 5–8DHW 8–10DHW over 10 (🔥 above 12)
Daily SST (line) and weekly maximum Degree Heating Weeks (bars), Jan 2023–Oct 2026, NOAA Coral Reef Watch 5-km Al Madinah and Makkah virtual station. Dashed line: bleaching threshold (maximum monthly mean 30.9°C + 1°C). DHW ≥ 4: bleaching likely; ≥ 8: severe bleaching and mortality likely. A bar is drawn only where DHW exceeds zero, so a stretch with no bar is accumulated heat stress of zero, not missing data — the SST line runs the full period.

Long-term record: 10 years from 1985 through 2025 reached 8 or more °C-weeks at NOAA’s Al Madinah and Makkah station. Download the annual DHW data (CSV).

7 sites in this region — click a marker to open that site.

Read this summary in:

Regional setting

Saudi Arabia has more coral reef than any other country in the seas around Arabia, and its Red Sea coast runs from the Gulf of Aqaba to the Yemen border (Spalding et al. 2001). In the north the continental shelf is narrow or absent, reef flats are slim, and reef profiles are often steep to sheer; the shelf broadens southward. Fringing reefs form an almost continuous band along much of the northern coast. Farther south, the Al Wadj Bank holds a complex of fringing, patch, and barrier reefs with small islands, and from Al Wadj to Jeddah runs a broken barrier-type structure that has been called the Little Barrier Reef. The coast carries the full range of Red Sea species, including northern endemics, and surveys between 1997 and 1999 recorded about 260 hard coral species. In August and September 1998, reefs at some sites between Yanbu and Rabigh bleached heavily during a spell of high sea temperatures, and Souter et al. (2021) note that the 1998 impacts were most severe in the central-northern Saudi Red Sea. Spalding et al. (2001) estimate about 6,660 km² of coral reef for Saudi Arabia, a national figure that includes its Arabian Gulf coast; Souter et al. (2021) give 7,800 km² for the northern and central Red Sea subregion as a whole.

As of 2001, Spalding et al. described much of the Saudi Red Sea coast as undeveloped away from Jeddah and Yanbu, but listed sewage and land reclamation as concerns around the larger towns (including Yanbu, where the port and refinery also posed a risk of oil pollution). About 18 desalination plants along the coast returned warm, salty water carrying chlorine and anti-scaling chemicals. Wilkinson (2006) reported large plans to reclaim reef areas along the Saudi Red Sea coast, and Souter et al. (2021) note that the kingdom's Vision 2030 plan singles out coastal tourism as a leading route to economic diversification. They name runoff, eutrophication, and overfishing as the main local drivers of reef decline in the central Red Sea, although most reefs bleached in 1998 recovered, and cover in the northern and central Red Sea reached 39% by 2019.

Overview

The Yanbu unit covers seven offshore Red Sea reefs in the Yanbu and Umluj area, dived with Umluj Dive Center between September 2023 and November 2024. The settings range from a wave-lit reef flat a meter or two under the surface at Alrass Alakhdar and a shallow gully-and-canyon complex at Al Fasmah (15 m), to a Porites-carpeted slope at Um Mankout (27 m) and deep walls and slopes at Mr. Umluj (33.7 m) and Thetis (34 m), a sheer face with overhangs and buttresses. Abu Galawa is a long, isolated offshore reef where a bare rubble-and-pavement shoulder gives way to a coral-covered ridge. The seventh site, Al Shbareer reef, was dived once on 6 October 2023, but no photographs survive from that dive and it has no cover value.

Published point-count cover ranged from 16% at Thetis to 30% at Alrass Alakhdar across the six sites with published cover, with algal cover low (6.0% to 11%). Knobby and columnar Porites, corymbose, digitate, and table Acropora, pocilloporids in magenta, lavender, and hot-pink color forms, faviids, and Millepora-type fire coral make up most of the community. Um Mankout carries a near-continuous Porites framework with almost no bare pavement, and Al Fasmah had uniform cover frame to frame. Mr. Umluj pairs a steep, densely built slope with a flat, algal-turfed pavement top, and at Abu Galawa, arborescent soft corals line the ridge crest.

All of these reefs were recorded during the 2023-24 Red Sea marine heatwaves. Alrass Alakhdar had 58.5% of coral tissue bleached in September 2023, with multi-meter stands of Porites bone-white beside fully pigmented pocilloporids. Al Fasmah, dived the same morning, was at 27.8%. At Thetis, cover fell from 33% in October 2023 (62.1% bleached) to 13% in August 2024, when the wall was darker and dominated by soft corals and sponges. Bleaching at Mr. Umluj barely changed between a cool April 2024 visit (27.7%) and August 2024 (26.6%), and Abu Galawa showed 25.3% bleaching in April 2024 with no accumulated heat stress.

Notable fauna include a requiem shark and pairs of masked butterflyfish (Chaetodon semilarvatus), a Red Sea endemic, at Abu Galawa, and dolphins photographed on the October 2023 Thetis dive day.

Highlights

Notable observations

Coral cover over time (pooled)

One point per year: the mean of every hard coral cover value available for this region that year — Anderson’s own dives and every independent survey station within 5 km of them. The vertical bar is the full range behind that mean. Different programs use different methods at different stations, so this is a regional summary, not a single comparable series. One value above 70% was excluded as a best-patch figure rather than a site mean. Non-CRD points are from Aeby et al. (2021). Marker shape: Anderson’s own dives, other organizations’ surveys.
0%15%30%45%60%2015201920242015: mean 48% of 3 values (range 42–51%)2023: mean 28% of 4 values (range 22–33%)2024: mean 16% of 3 values (range 13–18%)

Sites in this region

% coral cover by method

Pooled across 6 dive sites

MethodMean % coral coverStd. dev. between dive sitesn dive sitesNote
Published point count (CoralNet-assisted)21%±5.66—
CoralSCOP (SAM-based mask-sum), edited photos29%±6.06—
Claude (Anthropic), blind point count24%±9.46—

The mean is an UNWEIGHTED mean of the dive site values — each dive site counts once, whatever its photo count — which is the convention of the published tables and of every other figure on this page. Each value is the one printed on that dive site's own page; a page that prints no value for a method (fewer than 10 photographs) is left out of that method's mean.

This table pools only the 6 dive sites in this unit that have a method comparison; the table for all 22 dive sites is on the Saudi Arabia page.

Deviation from the reference

Over the dive sites where an independent reference exists, Claude (Anthropic), blind point count has a mean absolute deviation of 4.2 pp from it across 6 dive sites. Not in this ranking: CoralSCOP (edited), which measures coral area rather than points; DINOv3, which rests on too few photographs per site. A mean absolute deviation is not an accuracy score: a model with a consistent offset is correctable, while one with the same deviation scattered in both directions is not.

By dive site

Dive sitePublished point countCoralSCOP (edited)ClaudeDINOv3
Um Mankout (Yanbu)26%
n=228
32%
n=229
29%
n=227
too few photos
n=2
Alrass Alakhdar (Yanbu)30%
n=59
36%
n=58
39%
n=57
—
Al Fasmah (Yanbu)22%
n=116
31%
n=116
27%
n=116
—
Thetis (Yanbu)16%
n=170
21%
n=171
12%
n=169
too few photos
n=5
Abu Galawa (Yanbu)18%
n=138
31%
n=138
22%
n=135
—
Mr. Umluj (Yanbu)17%
n=326
22%
n=326
17%
n=326
—
Yanbu: published area value (Mayfield 2025, Table 4)20%
n=1,036
———

n under each value is the number of photographs that method scored at that dive site. ⚠ marks a cell that is not an independent check.

Reference: each dive site's own published CoralNet point count by the author, as its page prints it (CoralNet-assisted, on that site's photographs; Mayfield 2025, Environments 12:248). Denominator: coral points / (30 − water − fish points); unknown points stay in the denominator (Mayfield 2025 convention); diver points are excluded as well, per the Red Sea paper. Source: each member dive-site page. For all 22 dive sites in the comparison: Each row is a member dive site, and every value is the one printed on that dive site's own page; the computer-vision values ran on that site's own photographs. No value here comes from computer vision run on an area's representative photographs. Rows labeled “published area value” are the published area values (Mayfield 2025, Environments 12:248, Table 4); each summarizes the same dives as the dive-site rows beside it, so none is in any mean on this page.

Nearby external survey stations

4 independent survey records within 5 km of a site in this region (each record counted once).

All images from Coral Reef Diagnostics. Data are from Coral Reef Diagnostics and Aeby et al. (2021).

© Coral Reef Diagnostics.

References