Coral Reef Diagnostics

Saudi Arabia - Jeddah / KAUST (Thuwal) / Rabigh

NOAA Coral Reef Watch

Regional summary of 15 dive sites. Figures are averages across the sites that report them (n = sites with a value); each site's own page has its individual values. Part of the Saudi Arabia overview.

⬇ Download this region as a report card
05
Photo: Anderson Mayfield/Coral Reef Diagnostics — Saudi Red Sea - Coral Gardens (Jeddah)
Sites
15
each linked below
Hard coral cover (regional mean)
18% ± 4.4% (std. dev.)
n = 14 of 15 sites. range 13–28%
Water temp. during surveys (regional mean)
31.2°C
n = 8 of 15 sites; surveyed Sep 2023–Sep 2024
Coral Health Index (regional mean)
not yet scored
n = 0 of 15 sites
Most recent water temperature record
Most recent heat stress record
16 Sep 2026 · below alert level
Mean annual max degree heating weeks (DHW), last 5 years
2021–2025 · Makkah-Madine Saudi Arabia
Highest annual heat stress
in 2024 · Makkah-Madine Saudi Arabia
Severe heat-stress years
1985–2025 · 6 in the last 10 years
Heat-stress figures: NOAA Coral Reef Watch — Makkah-Madine Saudi Arabia 5-km virtual station. Each pill links its source record and carries the values behind it.
Regional summary

Central Red Sea reefs off Thuwal, Jeddah, and Rabigh, from fringing slopes, and walls to pinnacles, caverns, and two wrecks, were dived through the 2023-24 marine heatwaves. Bleaching varied sharply between nearby sites, from 17.2% of coral tissue off Jeddah to 71.7% at Shark Reef.

Heat stress

04812162024Week of 2023-01-01: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.80°CWeek of 2023-06-04: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.56°CWeek of 2023-06-11: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.16°CWeek of 2023-06-18: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.32°CWeek of 2023-06-25: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.37°CWeek of 2023-07-02: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.31°CWeek of 2023-07-09: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.97°CWeek of 2023-07-16: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.67°CWeek of 2023-07-23: DHW 2.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.97°CWeek of 2023-07-30: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.41°CWeek of 2023-08-06: DHW 5.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.08°CWeek of 2023-08-13: DHW 7.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.16°CWeek of 2023-08-20: DHW 9.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.83°CWeek of 2023-08-27: DHW 11.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.73°CWeek of 2023-09-03: DHW 13.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.96°CWeek of 2023-09-10: DHW 14.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.84°CWeek of 2023-09-17: DHW 16.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 33.13°CWeek of 2023-09-24: DHW 18.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 33.33°CWeek of 2023-10-01: DHW 20.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 33.52°CWeek of 2023-10-08: DHW 22.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 33.27°CWeek of 2023-10-15: DHW 22.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.96°CWeek of 2023-10-22: DHW 22.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.75°CWeek of 2023-10-29: DHW 21.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.90°CWeek of 2023-11-05: DHW 20.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.44°CWeek of 2023-11-12: DHW 18.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.79°CWeek of 2023-11-19: DHW 15.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.25°CWeek of 2023-11-26: DHW 13.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.98°CWeek of 2023-12-03: DHW 11.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.77°CWeek of 2023-12-10: DHW 9.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.31°CWeek of 2023-12-17: DHW 8.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.01°CWeek of 2023-12-24: DHW 6.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.65°CWeek of 2023-12-31: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.65°CWeek of 2024-01-07: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.29°CWeek of 2024-01-14: DHW 1.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.08°CWeek of 2024-06-02: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.54°CWeek of 2024-06-09: DHW 1.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.52°CWeek of 2024-06-16: DHW 3.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 33.47°CWeek of 2024-06-23: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.35°CWeek of 2024-06-30: DHW 5.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.02°CWeek of 2024-07-07: DHW 6.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.91°CWeek of 2024-07-14: DHW 8.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.94°CWeek of 2024-07-21: DHW 9.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.29°CWeek of 2024-07-28: DHW 11.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.93°CWeek of 2024-08-04: DHW 14.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 33.02°CWeek of 2024-08-11: DHW 17.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 33.30°CWeek of 2024-08-18: DHW 19.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.80°CWeek of 2024-08-25: DHW 20.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.45°CWeek of 2024-09-01: DHW 22.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.63°CWeek of 2024-09-08: DHW 22.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.32°CWeek of 2024-09-15: DHW 21.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.47°CWeek of 2024-09-22: DHW 21.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.73°CWeek of 2024-09-29: DHW 21.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.80°CWeek of 2024-10-06: DHW 22.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.98°CWeek of 2024-10-13: DHW 22.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.87°CWeek of 2024-10-20: DHW 21.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.83°CWeek of 2024-10-27: DHW 20.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.44°CWeek of 2024-11-03: DHW 18.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.96°CWeek of 2024-11-10: DHW 15.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.85°CWeek of 2024-11-17: DHW 13.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.56°CWeek of 2024-11-24: DHW 11.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.27°CWeek of 2024-12-01: DHW 9.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.95°CWeek of 2024-12-08: DHW 7.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.77°CWeek of 2024-12-15: DHW 6.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.23°CWeek of 2024-12-22: DHW 5.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.02°CWeek of 2024-12-29: DHW 4.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.74°CWeek of 2025-01-05: DHW 2.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.25°CWeek of 2025-01-12: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.01°CWeek of 2025-01-19: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.90°CWeek of 2025-07-06: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.54°CWeek of 2025-07-13: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.85°CWeek of 2025-07-20: DHW 1.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.39°CWeek of 2025-07-27: DHW 2.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.60°CWeek of 2025-08-03: DHW 2.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.69°CWeek of 2025-08-10: DHW 3.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.82°CWeek of 2025-08-17: DHW 5.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.33°CWeek of 2025-08-24: DHW 7.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.37°CWeek of 2025-08-31: DHW 8.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.83°CWeek of 2025-09-07: DHW 8.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.04°CWeek of 2025-09-14: DHW 9.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.41°CWeek of 2025-09-21: DHW 10.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.63°CWeek of 2025-09-28: DHW 10.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.39°CWeek of 2025-10-05: DHW 9.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.26°CWeek of 2025-10-12: DHW 9.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.97°CWeek of 2025-10-19: DHW 9.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.61°CWeek of 2025-10-26: DHW 7.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.45°CWeek of 2025-11-02: DHW 7.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.20°CWeek of 2025-11-09: DHW 6.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.99°CWeek of 2025-11-16: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.67°CWeek of 2025-11-23: DHW 2.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.30°CWeek of 2025-11-30: DHW 1.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.16°CWeek of 2025-12-07: DHW 1.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.72°CWeek of 2025-12-14: DHW 1.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.29°CWeek of 2025-12-21: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.70°CWeek of 2025-12-28: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.64°CWeek of 2026-06-07: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.46°CWeek of 2026-06-14: DHW 1.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.55°CWeek of 2026-06-21: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.57°CWeek of 2026-06-28: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.96°CWeek of 2026-07-05: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.23°CWeek of 2026-07-12: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.16°CWeek of 2026-07-19: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.49°CWeek of 2026-07-26: DHW 2.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.31°CWeek of 2026-08-02: DHW 2.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.30°CWeek of 2026-08-09: DHW 2.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.23°CWeek of 2026-08-16: DHW 2.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.83°CWeek of 2026-08-23: DHW 2.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.18°CWeek of 2026-08-30: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.72°CWeek of 2026-09-06: DHW 3.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.75°CWeek of 2026-09-13: DHW 3.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 33.20°C2628303234Bleaching threshold 31.9°C2023202420252026SST (°C)DHW (°C-weeks)
sea surface temperature (SST) (left axis)DHW under 2DHW 2–3DHW 3–5DHW 5–8DHW 8–10DHW over 10 (🔥 above 12)
Daily SST (line) and weekly maximum Degree Heating Weeks (bars), Jan 2023–Sep 2026, NOAA Coral Reef Watch 5-km Makkah-Madine Saudi Arabia virtual station. Dashed line: bleaching threshold (maximum monthly mean 30.9°C + 1°C). DHW ≥ 4: bleaching likely; ≥ 8: severe bleaching and mortality likely. A bar is drawn only where DHW exceeds zero, so a stretch with no bar is accumulated heat stress of zero, not missing data — the SST line runs the full period.

Long-term record: 10 years since 1985 reached 8 or more °C-weeks at NOAA’s Makkah-Madine Saudi Arabia station. Download the annual DHW data (CSV).

15 sites in this region — click a marker to open that site.

Read this summary in:

Regional setting

Along Saudi Arabia's central Red Sea coast, the shore shelves steeply in the north before a fairly rapid shift, south of about 20°N, to a broad and gently sloping continental shelf, and fringing reefs with narrow reef flats line much of the coast (Spalding et al. 2001). Offshore, a discontinuous barrier-type structure known as the Little Barrier Reef runs between Al Wadj and Jeddah, and similar barrier-like reefs have been described on the Sudanese side opposite. Saudi Arabia's Red Sea coast supports the full range of Red Sea species, and surveys in 1997–1999 recorded about 260 hard coral species. Jeddah is the largest port on the Red Sea, and by 2001 decades of expansion, including reclamation and construction directly on the fringing reef flats and industrial and urban growth along more than 100 km of coast, had severely degraded or destroyed many nearshore reefs, seagrasses, and mangroves. The atlas also notes that important fringing and patch reefs survived to the north and south of the city. In August and September 1998, reefs at some sites from Yanbu to Rabigh bleached heavily. Spalding et al. (2001) estimate about 6,660 km² of coral reef for Saudi Arabia, a national figure that includes its Arabian Gulf coast; Souter et al. (2021) give 7,800 km² for the northern and central Red Sea subregion.

Souter et al. (2021) report that the 1998 bleaching hit hardest in the central-northern Saudi Red Sea, especially near Rabigh, although most bleached reefs across the region recovered. In the central Red Sea they attribute local reef degradation and algal growth mainly to land runoff, eutrophication, and overfishing. Coral cover in the northern and central Red Sea fell from 35.2% (1997) to 29.7% (2002) and then rose slowly to 39.1% by 2019, while algal cover across the whole region roughly doubled after 2012. Coastal development adds further pressure: Wilkinson (2006) reported large plans to reclaim Saudi Red Sea reef areas, and Souter et al. (2021) note that the kingdom's Vision 2030 plan treats coastal tourism as a leading route to economic diversification. As of 2001, Spalding et al. observed that recreational diving, though limited, was centered on Jeddah's reefs.

Overview

This unit covers 15 central Red Sea sites dived between September 2023 and October 2024. Eight lie off Thuwal and were worked with Coastline (KAUST), six are off Jeddah, and one is a shore-entry reef north of Rabigh. The settings are varied: a steep fringing slope at Abu Ejeiah, a high-relief spur-and-groove reef honeycombed with swim-throughs at Cement Reef, a near-vertical wall at Rose Reef dived to 32 to 36 m, and eroded, heavily bioeroded pinnacles and caverns rising from sand at Cave Reef (27.2 m). Tall coral pinnacles make up Anderson's Reef-I, giant Porites mounds several meters across define Coral Gardens, and Drogon Corals is mostly a sand plain with isolated bommies. Two steel shipwrecks, Cement Wreck and Chicken Wreck, carry only thin coral scatters. Middle Reef off Thuwal was dived once in April 2024, but no photographs survive from that dive and it has no cover value.

Published point-count cover ranged from 12.8% at Cement Wreck to 27.6% at Coral Gardens across the 14 sites with published cover. Algal cover stayed low throughout, from 5.5% at Coral Gardens to 11.8% at Long Reef. Pocilloporids in lavender, magenta, and rose color forms, corymbose, staghorn, and table Acropora, knobby Porites, faviids, and Millepora-type fire coral make up most of the community. Anderson's Reef-II is set apart by a bommie the size of a small building, its crown covered in lilac and gold arborescent soft corals. At Cave Reef, Drogon Corals, and Chicken Wreck, bare pavement, sand, or steel alternates with dense coral clusters.

These reefs were recorded through the 2023-24 Red Sea marine heatwaves, and bleaching varied sharply between nearby sites. Shark Reef was the worst hit (71.7% of coral tissue bleached), with whole slopes white, and two crown-of-thorns starfish were photographed there. North Rabigh (64.8%) and Bhadur Reef (62.0%, at about 22.3 degree-heating-weeks) followed, and at Bhadur soft corals, fungiids, and anemones bleached along with the hard corals. In the same August 2024 window, Anderson's Reef-I and Reef-II were the least affected (17.2% and 18.9%), while Coral Gardens rose from 41.4% to 45.4% in a week. Rose Reef ranged from 24.3% to 61.8% over six visits, and Cave Reef showed 26.8% bleaching in February 2024 with no accumulated heat stress.

Highlights

Notable observations

Coral cover over time (pooled)

One point per year: the mean of every hard coral cover value available for this region that year — Anderson’s own dives and every independent survey station within 5 km of them. The vertical bar is the full range behind that mean. Different programs use different methods at different stations, so this is a regional summary, not a single comparable series. Years resting on fewer than three values are drawn as smaller points (2010, 2013, 2023). Non-CRD points are from Reef Check Foundation. Marker shape: his own dives, other organizations’ surveys, a mix of both, that year.
0%17%34%51%68%2010201720252010: mean 27% of 2 values (range 23–31%)2013: mean 29% of 2 values (range 26–31%)2015: mean 41% of 4 values (range 28–60%)2023: mean 14% of 1 value2024: mean 18% of 15 values (range 12–28%)2025: mean 18% of 3 values (range 11–23%)
Sites in this region (15)

% coral cover by method

Pooled across 4 published areas

MethodMean % coral coverStd. dev. between published areasn published areasNote
Manual point count (author)20.4%±3.93frame-weighted 18.1% over 3,900 frames
Claude (Anthropic), blind point count27.2%±2.94frame-weighted 28.2% over 588 frames
In-house DINOv3 point classifier39.5%±104frame-weighted 39.4% over 211 frames

The mean is an UNWEIGHTED mean of the published area values — each published area counts once, whatever its photo count — which is the convention of the published tables and of every other figure on this page. The frame-weighted alternative is given per method in the Note column; where the two differ, the difference is a photo-count imbalance, not a coral-cover finding.

Closest to the reference

Over the published areas where an independent reference exists, Claude (Anthropic), blind point count sits closest to it — a mean absolute deviation of 6.5 pp across 2 published areas, then In-house DINOv3 point classifier 18.9 pp (n=2). A mean absolute deviation is not an accuracy score: a model with a consistent offset is correctable, while one with the same deviation scattered in both directions is not.

By published area

Published areaManual point countClaudeDINOv3
Thuwal16.1%
n=2,567
23.9%
n=6
47.5%
n=4
Jeddah21.6%
n=1,160
27.3%
n=274
34.9%
n=93
Rabigh23.6%
n=173
31.0%
n=173
48.1%
n=84
unassigned region—26.6%
n=135
27.7%
n=30

n under each value is the number of photographs that method scored at that published area. ⚠ marks a cell that is not an independent check.

Reference: point-count on the photographs (a human scoring the same pixels the models see). Denominator: coral points / (30 − WATER − FISH); `Unk` is IN the denominator (Mayfield 2025 convention); divers (`DVR`) are excluded as well, per the Red Sea paper. Source: published verbatim (Mayfield 2025, Environments 12:248, Table 4) ⚠ These rows are REGIONS, not dive sites. The published paper reports cover by region only — no individual dive-site name appears in it — so no CRD dive site has its own manual value here. ⚠ The manual column and the computer vision (CV) columns are on DIFFERENT FRAME SETS. The published cover spans the region's full photo set (173–2,567 frames, most of them CoralNet robot-labeled); the CV arms ran only on the hand-scored reference subset, which is 6 frames at Thuwal, 274 at Jeddah and 173 at Rabigh. Read Thuwal's model columns as indicative only. CoralNet is n/a by design: the reference set IS the hand-scored set, so those frames carry no independent robot label to compare against. DINOv3 is restricted to frames it never saw, and reads roughly double the published cover at every Red Sea region. ⚠ 'unassigned region' is not a place: 135 frames carry no region label in the CoralNet metadata and map to no published row. It has no manual value and is excluded from the pooled reference.

Nearby external survey stations

11 independent survey records within 5 km of a site in this region (deduplicated across sites).

All images from Coral Reef Diagnostics. Data are from Coral Reef Diagnostics and Reef Check Foundation.

© Coral Reef Diagnostics.

References