Regional summary of 15 dive sites (14 with their own page). Figures are averages across the sites that report them (n = sites with a value); each site's own page has its individual values. Part of the Saudi Arabia overview.
Central Red Sea reefs off Thuwal, Jeddah, and Rabigh, from fringing slopes, and walls to pinnacles, caverns, and two wrecks, were dived through the 2023-24 marine heatwaves. Bleaching varied sharply between nearby sites, from 17.2% of coral tissue off Jeddah to 71.7% at Shark Reef.
Heat stress
sea surface temperature (SST) (left axis)DHW under 2DHW 2–3DHW 3–5DHW 5–8DHW 8–10DHW over 10 (🔥 above 12)
Daily SST (line) and weekly maximum Degree Heating Weeks (bars), Jan 2023–Oct 2026, NOAA Coral Reef Watch 5-km Al Madinah and Makkah virtual station. Dashed line: bleaching threshold (maximum monthly mean 30.9°C + 1°C). DHW ≥ 4: bleaching likely; ≥ 8: severe bleaching and mortality likely. A bar is drawn only where DHW exceeds zero, so a stretch with no bar is accumulated heat stress of zero, not missing data — the SST line runs the full period.
Long-term record: 10 years from 1985 through 2025 reached 8 or more °C-weeks at NOAA’s Al Madinah and Makkah station. Download the annual DHW data (CSV).
15 sites in this region — click a marker to open that site.
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Regional setting
Along Saudi Arabia's central Red Sea coast, the shore shelves steeply in the north before a fairly rapid shift, south of about 20°N, to a broad and gently sloping continental shelf, and fringing reefs with narrow reef flats line much of the coast (Spalding et al. 2001). Offshore, a discontinuous barrier-type structure known as the Little Barrier Reef runs between Al Wadj and Jeddah, and similar barrier-like reefs have been described on the Sudanese side opposite. Saudi Arabia's Red Sea coast supports the full range of Red Sea species, and surveys in 1997–1999 recorded about 260 hard coral species. Jeddah is the largest port on the Red Sea, and by 2001 decades of expansion, including reclamation and construction directly on the fringing reef flats and industrial and urban growth along more than 100 km of coast, had severely degraded or destroyed many nearshore reefs, seagrasses, and mangroves. The atlas also notes that important fringing and patch reefs survived to the north and south of the city. In August and September 1998, reefs at some sites from Yanbu to Rabigh bleached heavily. Spalding et al. (2001) estimate about 6,660 km² of coral reef for Saudi Arabia, a national figure that includes its Arabian Gulf coast; Souter et al. (2021) give 7,800 km² for the northern and central Red Sea subregion.
Souter et al. (2021) report that the 1998 bleaching hit hardest in the central-northern Saudi Red Sea, especially near Rabigh, although most bleached reefs across the region recovered. In the central Red Sea they attribute local reef degradation and algal growth mainly to land runoff, eutrophication, and overfishing. Coral cover in the northern and central Red Sea fell from 35% (1997) to 30% (2002) and then rose slowly to 39% by 2019, while algal cover across the whole region roughly doubled after 2012. Coastal development adds further pressure: Wilkinson (2006) reported large plans to reclaim Saudi Red Sea reef areas, and Souter et al. (2021) note that the kingdom's Vision 2030 plan treats coastal tourism as a leading route to economic diversification. As of 2001, Spalding et al. observed that recreational diving, though limited, was centered on Jeddah's reefs.
Overview
This unit covers 15 central Red Sea sites dived between September 2023 and November 2024. Eight lie off Thuwal and were worked with Coastline (KAUST), six are off Jeddah, and one is a shore-entry reef north of Rabigh. The settings are varied: a steep fringing slope at Abu Ejeiah, a high-relief spur-and-groove reef honeycombed with swim-throughs at Cement Reef, a near-vertical wall at Rose Reef dived to 32 to 36 m, and eroded, heavily bioeroded pinnacles and caverns rising from sand at Cave Reef (27.2 m). Tall coral pinnacles make up Anderson's Reef-I, giant Porites mounds several meters across define Coral Gardens, and Drogon Corals is mostly a sand plain with isolated bommies. Two steel shipwrecks, Cement Wreck and Chicken Wreck, carry only thin coral scatters. Middle Reef off Thuwal was dived once in April 2024, but no photographs survive from that dive and it has no cover value.
Published point-count cover ranged from 13% at Cement Wreck to 28% at Coral Gardens across the 14 sites with published cover. Algal cover stayed low throughout, from 5.5% at Coral Gardens to 12% at Long Reef. Pocilloporids in lavender, magenta, and rose color forms, corymbose, staghorn, and table Acropora, knobby Porites, faviids, and Millepora-type fire coral make up most of the community. Anderson's Reef-II is set apart by a bommie the size of a small building, its crown covered in lilac and gold arborescent soft corals. At Cave Reef, Drogon Corals, and Chicken Wreck, bare pavement, sand, or steel alternates with dense coral clusters.
These reefs were recorded through the 2023-24 Red Sea marine heatwaves, and bleaching varied sharply between nearby sites. At Shark Reef 71.7% of coral tissue bleached, with whole slopes white, and three crown-of-thorns starfish (one on 31 August and two on 14 September 2024) were photographed there. North Rabigh (64.8%) and Bhadur Reef (62.0%, at about 22.3 degree-heating-weeks) followed, and at Bhadur soft corals, fungiids, and anemones bleached along with the hard corals. In the same August 2024 window, Anderson's Reef-I and Reef-II bleached 17% and 19%, while Coral Gardens rose from 41% to 45% in a week. Rose Reef ranged from 23% to 62% over six visits, and Cave Reef showed 26.8% bleaching in February 2024 with no accumulated heat stress.
Highlights
Shark Reef (Thuwal) had 72.8% and 70.8% of coral tissue bleached on two visits in 2024, and three crown-of-thorns starfish were photographed amid the bleaching.photo: Saudi Red Sea - Shark Reef (Thuwal)
Anderson's Reef-I and Reef-II off Jeddah had 17.2% and 18.9% bleaching in August 2024.photo: Saudi Red Sea - Anderson's Reef-I (Jeddah)
Coral Gardens (Jeddah) is built on giant Porites mounds and held 28% cover.photo: Saudi Red Sea - Coral Gardens (Jeddah)
Rose Reef, a near-vertical wall, has 720 photographs from six of its eight visits and bleaching from 22.7% to 62.0%.photo: Saudi Red Sea - Rose Reef (Thuwal)
Cement Reef (Thuwal): a high-relief spur-and-groove reef honeycombed with swim-throughs, with dense pocilloporid thickets and cobalt Acropora on the upper slope.photo: Saudi Red Sea - Cement Reef (Thuwal)
Two steel shipwrecks, Cement Wreck and Chicken Wreck, carry only thin coral on artificial substrate.photo: Saudi Red Sea - Chicken Wreck (Jeddah)
هذه ترجمة آلية للملخص الإنجليزي؛ والنص الإنجليزي هو النسخة المعتمدة. AI translation of this summary; the English is authoritative.
Regional setting
على امتداد ساحل البحر الأحمر الأوسط في السعودية، ينحدر الشاطئ بشدة في الشمال قبل تحول سريع نسبيًا، جنوب خط عرض 20° شمالًا تقريبًا، إلى رف قاري واسع ومنحدر برفق، وتصطف الشعاب الهدبية ذات المسطحات الضيقة على معظم الساحل (Spalding et al. 2001). وفي البحر، تمتد بين الوجه وجدة بنية متقطعة شبيهة بالحاجز تُعرف بالحاجز المرجاني الصغير (Little Barrier Reef)، ووُصفت شعاب مماثلة على الجانب السوداني المقابل. ويدعم ساحل البحر الأحمر السعودي كامل طيف أنواع البحر الأحمر، وسجّلت مسوح 1997–1999 نحو 260 نوعًا من المرجان الصلب. وجدة أكبر ميناء على البحر الأحمر، وبحلول 2001 كانت عقود من التوسع، شملت الردم والبناء مباشرة على مسطحات الشعاب الهدبية والنمو الصناعي والعمراني على أكثر من 100 km من الساحل، قد أدت إلى تدهور شديد أو تدمير كثير من الشعاب والأعشاب البحرية وأشجار المانغروف القريبة من الشاطئ. ويشير الأطلس أيضًا إلى بقاء شعاب هدبية ورقعية مهمة شمال المدينة وجنوبها. وفي أغسطس وسبتمبر 1998 ابيضّت الشعاب بشدة في بعض المواقع من ينبع إلى رابغ. ويقدّر Spalding et al. (2001) نحو 6,660 km² من الشعاب المرجانية للسعودية، وهو رقم وطني يشمل ساحلها على الخليج العربي؛ ويعطي Souter et al. (2021) رقم 7,800 km² للمنطقة الفرعية لشمال ووسط البحر الأحمر.
يفيد Souter et al. (2021) بأن ابيضاض 1998 ضرب بأشد قوة في وسط وشمال البحر الأحمر السعودي، ولا سيما قرب رابغ، وإن كانت معظم الشعاب المبيضّة في المنطقة قد تعافت. وفي وسط البحر الأحمر، يعزون تدهور الشعاب المحلي ونمو الطحالب أساسًا إلى الجريان السطحي من البر والإثراء الغذائي والصيد الجائر. وانخفضت تغطية المرجان في شمال ووسط البحر الأحمر من 35% (1997) إلى 30% (2002) ثم ارتفعت ببطء إلى 39% بحلول 2019، بينما تضاعفت تغطية الطحالب في المنطقة كلها تقريبًا بعد 2012. وتضيف التنمية الساحلية ضغطًا آخر: فقد أفاد Wilkinson (2006) بوجود خطط كبيرة لردم مناطق من شعاب البحر الأحمر السعودي، ويشير Souter et al. (2021) إلى أن رؤية المملكة 2030 تعدّ السياحة الساحلية طريقًا رئيسيًا لتنويع الاقتصاد. وحتى 2001، لاحظ Spalding et al. أن الغوص الترفيهي، على محدوديته، كان يتركز في شعاب جدة.
Overview
تغطي هذه الوحدة 15 موقعًا في وسط البحر الأحمر غِيص فيها بين سبتمبر 2023 ونوفمبر 2024. ثمانية منها قبالة ثول وجرى العمل فيها مع Coastline (KAUST)، وستة قبالة جدة، وواحد شعاب يُدخل إليها من الشاطئ شمال رابغ. والبيئات متنوعة: منحدر هدبي شديد الانحدار في أبو عجيعة، وشعاب مرتفعة التضاريس من الأخاديد والنتوءات تتخللها ممرات سباحة في شعاب الإسمنت، وجدار شبه عمودي في شعاب الوردة غِيص فيه إلى 32 إلى 36 m، وقمم وكهوف متآكلة ومثقوبة حيويًا بشدة ترتفع من الرمل في شعاب الكهف (27.2 m). وتتألف شعاب أندرسون-1 من قمم مرجانية شاهقة، وتميز حدائقَ المرجان تلالٌ عملاقة من Porites بعرض عدة أمتار، أما مرجانيات دروغون فهي في معظمها سهل رملي بكتل معزولة. ولا يحمل حطاما السفينتين الفولاذيتين، حطام الإسمنت وحطام الدجاج، إلا مرجانًا متفرقًا رقيقًا. وغِيص في الشعاب الوسطى قبالة ثول مرة واحدة في أبريل 2024، لكن لم تبقَ أي صور من تلك الغطسة ولا قيمة تغطية لها.
تراوحت التغطية المنشورة من عدّ النقاط بين 13% في حطام الإسمنت و28% في حدائق المرجان عبر المواقع الأربعة عشر ذات التغطية المنشورة. وظلت تغطية الطحالب منخفضة في كل مكان، من 5.5% في حدائق المرجان إلى 12% في الشعاب الطويلة. وتشكل معظمَ المجتمع البوسيلوبورياتُ بألوانها الخزامية والأرجوانية والوردية، وAcropora العنقودية وقرون الأيل والطاولية، وPorites العُقدية، والفافيدات، والمرجان الناري من نوع Millepora. وتتميز شعاب أندرسون-2 بكتلة مرجانية بحجم مبنى صغير، تاجها مغطى بمرجانيات لينة شجرية بلون الليلك والذهبي. وفي شعاب الكهف ومرجانيات دروغون وحطام الدجاج، يتناوب الرصيف العاري أو الرمل أو الفولاذ مع عناقيد مرجانية كثيفة.
سُجّلت هذه الشعاب خلال موجات الحر البحرية في البحر الأحمر 2023-24، وتفاوت الابيضاض بشدة بين المواقع المتجاورة. ففي شعاب القرش ابيضّ 71.7% من نسيج المرجان، مع منحدرات كاملة بيضاء، وصُوّرت فيها ثلاثة نجوم بحر من نوع تاج الشوك (واحد في 31 أغسطس واثنان في 14 سبتمبر 2024). وتلتها شمال رابغ (64.8%) وشعاب بهادر (62.0%، عند نحو 22.3 أسبوعًا من درجات الحرارة المرتفعة)، وفي بهادر ابيضّت المرجانيات اللينة والفطرية وشقائق النعمان مع المرجان الصلب. وفي نافذة أغسطس 2024 نفسها، ابيضّت شعاب أندرسون-I وأندرسون-II بنسبة 17% و19%، بينما ارتفعت حدائق المرجان من 41% إلى 45% في أسبوع واحد. وتراوحت شعاب الوردة بين 23% و62% عبر ست زيارات، وأظهرت شعاب الكهف ابيضاضًا بنسبة 26.8% في فبراير 2024 دون أي إجهاد حراري متراكم.
Highlights
سجّلت شعاب القرش (ثول) ابيضاض 72.8% و70.8% من نسيج المرجان في زيارتين في 2024، وصُوّرت ثلاثة نجوم بحر من نوع تاج الشوك وسط الابيضاض.
سجّلت شعاب أندرسون-I وأندرسون-II قبالة جدة ابيضاضًا بنسبة 17.2% و18.9% في أغسطس 2024.
حدائق المرجان (جدة) مبنية على تلال عملاقة من Porites وتحمل أعلى تغطية في الوحدة، 28%.
شعاب الوردة، وهي جدار شبه عمودي، لها 720 صورة من ست من زياراتها الثماني وابيضاض بين 22.7% و62.0%.
شعاب الإسمنت (ثول): شعاب مرتفعة التضاريس من الأخاديد والنتوءات تتخللها ممرات سباحة، مع أجمات كثيفة من البوسيلوبوريات وAcropora كوبالتية على المنحدر العلوي.
حطاما سفينتين فولاذيتين، حطام الإسمنت وحطام الدجاج، لا يحملان إلا مرجانًا رقيقًا على ركيزة اصطناعية.
Notable observations (13)
Saudi Red Sea - Shark Reef (Thuwal): Bleaching and crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS): 72.8% of coral tissue bleached (31 Aug 2024) and 70.8% (14 Sep 2024); whole slopes where most visible colonies are stark white. Three crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster), one on 31 Aug and two different ones on 14 Sep 2024, photographed amid bleached and dying coral. Pink-lavender colonies on both days show fluorescent (colorful) bleaching, and a rust-orange cyanobacterial mat overgrows dead framework (14 Sep 2024). Anderson's field notes record severe bleaching, dead corals, and a dying reef.
Saudi Red Sea - north Rabigh (shore) (Rabigh): Bleaching: 64.8% of coral tissue bleached at about 16.9 degree-heating-weeks (16 Aug 2024); much of the branching framework stark bone-white; a massive dome with freshly exposed skeleton already fouling brown.
Saudi Red Sea - Bhadur Reef (Jeddah): Bleaching and mortality: 62.0% of coral tissue bleached at about 22.3 degree-heating-weeks (7 Sep 2024); soft corals, fungiids, and anemones bleached with the hard corals; Anderson's field notes record total bleaching, dead acroporids, and dying pocilloporids, some already dead.
Saudi Red Sea - Rose Reef (Thuwal): Bleaching: site-level 43% of coral tissue, range 22.7% to 62.0% across six visits; mass bleaching of tabulate and corymbose Acropora on the shallow flat in November 2023, with host anemones bleached white.
Saudi Red Sea - Coral Gardens (Jeddah): Bleaching: 41.4% (10 Aug 2024) rising to 45.4% (17 Aug 2024) of coral tissue bleached; near-universal paling of the large Porites mounds; a stark-white Pocillopora verrucosa captioned 'bleached Pocillopora verrucosa'.
Saudi Red Sea - Chicken Wreck (Jeddah): Disease and bleaching: a large plating colony with a ring-shaped tissue-loss lesion (captioned 'disease') and a colony captioned 'dying Favites' with an algae-covered crown; 20.3% to 28.3% of coral tissue bleached across three August 2024 visits.
Saudi Red Sea - Abu Ejeiah (Thuwal): Bleaching: 29.5% of coral tissue site-level, range 12.7% to 69.5% across four visits; Anderson recorded paling poritid corals in one frame; July 2024 frames show scattered bleached colonies and patches across the wall and slope, among mostly pigmented coral.
Saudi Red Sea - Cave Reef (Thuwal): Bleaching and partial mortality: 26.8% of coral tissue bleached (9 Feb 2024) with no accumulated heat stress; faviids with white dead-skeleton patches; fresh white bite scars captioned 'fish bites' (not disease).
Saudi Red Sea - Cement Wreck (Thuwal): Bleaching: 32.0% (Sep 2023), 25.3% (Apr 2024), and 18.7% (Jul 2024) of coral tissue bleached; old partial mortality on a large Diploastrea heliopora; by 9 November 2024 Anderson logged that most of the corals on the wreck had died from bleaching.
Saudi Red Sea - Cement Reef (Thuwal): Bleaching: 19.9% of coral tissue (site-level manuscript summary); one large massive Porites uniformly stark white, and an Acropora captioned 'bleached acroporid'. Debris: an old line lies across the reef, colonized by a small branching coral (Anderson's frame).
Saudi Red Sea - Anderson's Reef-II (Jeddah): Bleaching: a very large arborescent Acropora colony is olive-gold in the center with a broad bleached margin all the way round.
Saudi Red Sea - Drogon Corals (Jeddah): Bleaching: small knobby and lobed massive colonies on the sand-plain bommies have white to pale blue-white tops beside dark brown, pigmented colonies.
Coral cover over time (pooled)
One point per year: the mean of every hard coral cover value available for this region that year — Anderson’s own dives and every independent survey station within 5 km of them. The vertical bar is the full range behind that mean. Different programs use different methods at different stations, so this is a regional summary, not a single comparable series. Years resting on fewer than three values are drawn as smaller points (2010, 2025). Non-CRD points are from Reef Check Foundation, Aeby et al. (2021), Khalil et al. (2017), Furby et al. (2013), and Monroe et al. (2018). Marker shape: Anderson’s own dives, other organizations’ surveys, a mix of both, that year.Sites in this region (15)
1 of these 5 values rests on 10–19 photographs (*)
The mean is an UNWEIGHTED mean of the dive site values — each dive site counts once, whatever its photo count — which is the convention of the published tables and of every other figure on this page. Each value is the one printed on that dive site's own page; a page that prints no value for a method (fewer than 10 photographs) is left out of that method's mean.
This table pools only the 14 dive sites in this unit that have a method comparison; the table for all 22 dive sites is on the Saudi Arabia page.
Closest to the reference
Over the dive sites where an independent reference exists, Claude (Anthropic), blind point count sits closest to it — a mean absolute deviation of 2.8 pp across 5 dive sites, then In-house DINOv3 point classifier 16.8 pp (n=5). Not in this ranking: CoralSCOP (edited), which measures coral area rather than points. A mean absolute deviation is not an accuracy score: a model with a consistent offset is correctable, while one with the same deviation scattered in both directions is not.
By dive site
Dive site
Published point count
CoralSCOP (edited)
Claude
DINOv3
Abu Ejeiah (Thuwal)
15%
n=417
24%
n=367
17%
n=366
too few photos
n=4
Cement Reef (Thuwal)
22%
n=469
29%
n=471
24%
n=478
26%
n=95
Cement Wreck (Thuwal)
13%
n=383
21%
n=391
12%
n=387
34%*
n=11
Rose Reef (Thuwal)
14%
n=720
24%
n=455
13%
n=438
too few photos
n=3
Long Reef (Thuwal)
14%
n=90
24%
n=91
12%
n=88
—
Cave Reef (Thuwal)
16%
n=68
22%
n=70
16%
n=65
too few photos
n=2
Shark Reef (Thuwal)
16%
n=421
22%
n=330
14%
n=351
—
Drogon Corals (Jeddah)
14%
n=67
22%
n=66
10%
n=65
too few photos
n=1
Chicken Wreck (Jeddah)
17%
n=251
24%
n=153
10%
n=171
27%
n=126
Anderson's Reef-I (Jeddah)
23%
n=146
29%
n=147
20%
n=146
too few photos
n=1
Coral Gardens (Jeddah)
28%
n=300
29%
n=254
25%
n=271
44%
n=156
Bhadur Reef (Jeddah)
21%
n=222
27%
n=167
18%
n=174
—
Anderson's Reef-II (Jeddah)
21%
n=174
25%
n=174
19%
n=175
too few photos
n=3
north Rabigh (shore) (Rabigh)
24%
n=173
30%
n=122
23%
n=158
57%
n=175
Thuwal: published area value (Mayfield 2025, Table 4)
16%
n=2,567
—
—
—
Jeddah: published area value (Mayfield 2025, Table 4)
22%
n=1,160
—
—
—
Rabigh: published area value (Mayfield 2025, Table 4)
24%
n=173
—
—
—
n under each value is the number of photographs that method scored at that dive site. ⚠ marks a cell that is not an independent check. * marks a value resting on only 10–19 photographs, which is less certain.
Reference: each dive site's own published CoralNet point count by the author, as its page prints it (CoralNet-assisted, on that site's photographs; Mayfield 2025, Environments 12:248). Denominator: coral points / (30 − water − fish points); unknown points stay in the denominator (Mayfield 2025 convention); diver points are excluded as well, per the Red Sea paper. Source: each member dive-site page. For all 22 dive sites in the comparison: Each row is a member dive site, and every value is the one printed on that dive site's own page; the computer-vision values ran on that site's own photographs. No value here comes from computer vision run on an area's representative photographs. Rows labeled “published area value” are the published area values (Mayfield 2025, Environments 12:248, Table 4); each summarizes the same dives as the dive-site rows beside it, so none is in any mean on this page.
Nearby external survey stations
20 independent survey records within 5 km of a site in this region (each record counted once; 11 lines, and a line that pools several records says how many).
Aeby et al. (2021) — Qita al Kirsh (2015): 60% hard coral cover, 0.36 km from Saudi Red Sea - Shark Reef (Thuwal)
Aeby et al. (2021) — Shi'b Nazar (2015): 39% hard coral cover, 0.57 km from Saudi Red Sea - Long Reef (Thuwal)
Furby et al. (2013) — Midshelf reef 2 (2010): 23% hard coral cover, 0.36 km from Saudi Red Sea - Shark Reef (Thuwal) (3 records)
Furby et al. (2013) — Offshore reef 1 (2010): 31% hard coral cover, 1.51 km from Saudi Red Sea - Cave Reef (Thuwal) (3 records)
Khalil et al. (2017) (2013): 26% hard coral cover, 1.05 km from Saudi Red Sea - Abu Ejeiah (Thuwal) (2 records)
Khalil et al. (2017) (2013): 21% hard coral cover, 4.46 km from Saudi Red Sea - Long Reef (Thuwal) (2 records)
Khalil et al. (2017) (2013): 31% hard coral cover, 3.81 km from Saudi Red Sea - Anderson's Reef-II (Jeddah) (2 records)
Monroe et al. (2018) — Midshelf reef 2 (2015): 37% hard coral cover, 0.36 km from Saudi Red Sea - Shark Reef (Thuwal)
Monroe et al. (2018) — Offshore reef 1 (2015): 28% hard coral cover, 0.57 km from Saudi Red Sea - Long Reef (Thuwal)
Reef Check — Sheraton, KSA (2024): 12% hard coral cover, mean of 2 surveys, 3.16 km from Saudi Red Sea - Bhadur Reef (Jeddah) (2 records)
Reef Check — Sheraton, KSA (2025): 11% hard coral cover, mean of 2 surveys (3.5 m and 8.5 m), 3.16 km from Saudi Red Sea - Bhadur Reef (Jeddah) (2 records)
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