Coral Reef Diagnostics

Indonesia - Alor

NOAA Coral Reef Watch

Regional summary of 19 dive sites. Figures are averages across the sites that report them (n = sites with a value); each site's own page has its individual values.

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05
Coral Reef Diagnostics
Photo: Anderson Mayfield/Coral Reef Diagnostics — Alor - Limarahing (Black Sands)
Country
Sites
19
each linked below
Hard coral cover (regional mean; Claude computer vision)
20% ± 11% (std. dev.)
n = 15 of 19 sites. range 5.8–41%
Water temp. during surveys (regional mean)
25.3°C
n = 18 of 19 sites; surveyed Jul 2026–Aug 2026; 18 sites logged as a range, counted at their midpoint
Coral Health Index (regional mean)
4.55 / 5
n = 5 of 19 sites; scale of zero to five, higher is healthier
Most recent water temperature record
26 Oct 2026 · East Nusa Tenggara
Most recent heat stress record
26 Oct 2026 · No heat stress
Mean annual max degree heating weeks (DHW), last 5 years
2021–2025 · East Nusa Tenggara
Highest annual heat stress
in 2016 · East Nusa Tenggara
Severe heat-stress years
1985–2025 · 4 in the last 10 years
Heat-stress figures: NOAA Coral Reef Watch — East Nusa Tenggara 5-km virtual station. Each pill links its source record and carries the values behind it.
Regional summary

Alor's walls, sloping reefs, and volcanic-sand muck sites, dived in 2026, are dominated more by sponges, sea fans, and crinoids than by reef-building corals, with the densest staghorn canopies in the shallows. Cold upwelling, an exceptional-current corner, seahorses, and sea kraits add variety, and no widespread bleaching was seen.

Heat stress

04812Week of 2023-01-01: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.35°CWeek of 2023-01-08: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.22°CWeek of 2023-01-15: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.27°CWeek of 2023-01-22: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.46°CWeek of 2023-01-29: DHW 4.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.52°CWeek of 2023-02-05: DHW 3.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.35°CWeek of 2023-02-12: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.24°CWeek of 2023-02-19: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.21°CWeek of 2023-02-26: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.06°CWeek of 2023-03-05: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.13°CWeek of 2023-03-12: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.71°CWeek of 2023-11-12: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.90°CWeek of 2023-11-19: DHW 1.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.12°CWeek of 2023-11-26: DHW 2.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.18°CWeek of 2023-12-03: DHW 4.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.38°CWeek of 2023-12-10: DHW 4.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.06°CWeek of 2023-12-17: DHW 4.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.05°CWeek of 2023-12-24: DHW 5.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.38°CWeek of 2023-12-31: DHW 7.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.98°CWeek of 2024-01-07: DHW 8.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.57°CWeek of 2024-01-14: DHW 8.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.04°CWeek of 2024-01-21: DHW 8.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.83°CWeek of 2024-01-28: DHW 8.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.71°CWeek of 2024-02-04: DHW 8.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.87°CWeek of 2024-02-11: DHW 8.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.09°CWeek of 2024-02-18: DHW 7.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.37°CWeek of 2024-02-25: DHW 7.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.44°CWeek of 2024-03-03: DHW 8.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.55°CWeek of 2024-03-10: DHW 9.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.12°CWeek of 2024-03-17: DHW 9.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.94°CWeek of 2024-03-24: DHW 8.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.28°CWeek of 2024-03-31: DHW 8.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.13°CWeek of 2024-04-07: DHW 8.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.03°CWeek of 2024-04-14: DHW 8.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.92°CWeek of 2024-04-21: DHW 8.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.81°CWeek of 2024-04-28: DHW 8.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.61°CWeek of 2024-05-05: DHW 8.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.65°CWeek of 2024-05-12: DHW 7.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.76°CWeek of 2024-05-19: DHW 6.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.35°CWeek of 2024-05-26: DHW 5.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.59°CWeek of 2024-06-02: DHW 4.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.23°CWeek of 2024-06-09: DHW 3.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.16°CWeek of 2024-06-16: DHW 3.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.72°CWeek of 2024-06-23: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.62°CWeek of 2024-06-30: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.57°CWeek of 2024-11-03: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.91°CWeek of 2024-11-10: DHW 1.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.05°CWeek of 2024-11-17: DHW 2.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.61°CWeek of 2024-11-24: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.71°CWeek of 2024-12-01: DHW 5.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.57°CWeek of 2024-12-08: DHW 5.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.16°CWeek of 2024-12-15: DHW 5.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.92°CWeek of 2024-12-22: DHW 5.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.78°CWeek of 2024-12-29: DHW 5.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.99°CWeek of 2025-01-05: DHW 5.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.23°CWeek of 2025-01-12: DHW 5.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.18°CWeek of 2025-01-19: DHW 5.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.06°CWeek of 2025-01-26: DHW 5.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.10°CWeek of 2025-02-02: DHW 5.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.65°CWeek of 2025-02-09: DHW 3.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.30°CWeek of 2025-02-16: DHW 2.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.70°CWeek of 2025-02-23: DHW 1.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.13°CWeek of 2025-03-02: DHW 1.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.59°CWeek of 2025-03-09: DHW 2.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.66°CWeek of 2025-03-16: DHW 3.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.25°CWeek of 2025-03-23: DHW 3.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.77°CWeek of 2025-03-30: DHW 3.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.54°CWeek of 2025-04-06: DHW 3.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.72°CWeek of 2025-04-13: DHW 3.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.94°CWeek of 2025-04-20: DHW 3.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.85°CWeek of 2025-04-27: DHW 3.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.68°CWeek of 2025-05-04: DHW 3.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.48°CWeek of 2025-05-11: DHW 3.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.38°CWeek of 2025-05-18: DHW 3.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.57°CWeek of 2025-05-25: DHW 2.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.49°CWeek of 2025-06-01: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.68°CWeek of 2025-06-08: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.47°CWeek of 2025-06-15: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.12°CWeek of 2025-06-22: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.55°CWeek of 2025-06-29: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.58°CWeek of 2025-07-06: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.44°CWeek of 2025-10-19: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.09°CWeek of 2025-10-26: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.16°CWeek of 2025-11-02: DHW 2.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.15°CWeek of 2025-11-09: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.53°CWeek of 2025-11-16: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.85°CWeek of 2025-11-23: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.96°CWeek of 2025-11-30: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.06°CWeek of 2025-12-07: DHW 2.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.11°CWeek of 2025-12-14: DHW 3.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.30°CWeek of 2025-12-21: DHW 3.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.03°CWeek of 2025-12-28: DHW 3.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.88°CWeek of 2026-01-04: DHW 3.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.87°CWeek of 2026-01-11: DHW 3.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.84°CWeek of 2026-01-18: DHW 3.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.47°CWeek of 2026-01-25: DHW 2.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.27°CWeek of 2026-02-01: DHW 1.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.03°CWeek of 2026-02-08: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.09°CWeek of 2026-02-15: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.11°CWeek of 2026-02-22: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.11°CWeek of 2026-03-01: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.92°CWeek of 2026-03-08: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.80°C26272829303132Bleaching threshold 30.0°C2023202420252026SST (°C)DHW (°C-weeks)
sea surface temperature (SST) (left axis)DHW under 2DHW 2–3DHW 3–5DHW 5–8DHW 8–10DHW over 10 (🔥 above 12)
Daily SST (line) and weekly maximum Degree Heating Weeks (bars), Jan 2023–Oct 2026, NOAA Coral Reef Watch 5-km East Nusa Tenggara virtual station. Dashed line: bleaching threshold (maximum monthly mean 29.0°C + 1°C). DHW ≥ 4: bleaching likely; ≥ 8: severe bleaching and mortality likely. A bar is drawn only where DHW exceeds zero, so a stretch with no bar is accumulated heat stress of zero, not missing data — the SST line runs the full period.

Long-term record: 6 years from 1985 through 2025 reached 8 or more °C-weeks at NOAA’s East Nusa Tenggara station. Download the annual DHW data (CSV).

19 sites in this region — click a marker to open that site.

Read this summary in:

Regional setting

Spalding et al. (2001) place the Alor group among the Nusa Tenggara Islands, part of their Wallacea sub-region, where mountainous, volcanically active islands with narrow shelves are separated by deep water. Detailed accounts of Nusa Tenggara reefs were scarce, but fringing reefs are widespread, and the authors summarize studies from Lembata Island, in the middle of the chain, showing how strongly reefs change with exposure. On Lembata's northwest coast, a well-developed fringing reef carries a reef flat 200-400 m wide with extensive seagrass, broader again on the west coast. The south coast, open to Indian Ocean swell and possibly to cool upwelling, has a narrow reef flat, marked spur-and-groove structure, and several deep-water species that may favor cooler conditions. South of the chain, Timor Sea currents flow west year-round, and the authors report relatively little 1998 bleaching over much of the sub-region. Nationally, they estimate about 51,020 km² of reef in Indonesia, 18% of the world total, with 443 coral species recorded and 581-602 estimated for the wider biogeographic region. Souter et al. (2021) place the Lesser Sunda ecoregion, together with Southern Java, in an East Asian Seas subregion holding 4,279 km² of reef.

Souter et al. (2021) could say little with confidence about that subregion: coral cover estimates swing widely, algal cover shows a progressive decline, and no site there had been surveyed over more than 15 years. They warn that archipelagic nations, with long coastlines relative to their land area, may feel climate impacts across an unusually wide area, and they attribute region-wide coral losses after 2010 and 2016 to mass bleaching. Wilkinson (2006) reported that deforestation for timber and oil palm was clearly increasing sediment loads on Indonesian coasts, while noting that, as of 2004, Indonesian reefs were among the few in Southeast Asia showing signs of recovery. Razak et al. (2026) found no significant trend in hard coral cover at 23 Yayasan WWF Indonesia monitoring sites around Alor surveyed in 2014, 2017, 2021, and 2023 (a decline of 0.6% per year), although cover fell by 3% between the 2014 and 2017 surveys, which bracket the bleaching alert of December 2016 to February 2017.

Overview

The 19 Alor sites come from a week of diving in late July and early August 2026, from the Kalabahi area to Ternate Island and the Pantar Strait. Walls and drop-offs (Bama Wall, Motonglang, The Arch, Umapura, Sulambali Wall, Babylon, Monaseli) are covered more by encrusting sponges, coralline algae, barrel sponges, sea fans, black coral, and crinoids than by reef-building corals, with plating and scroll-shaped colonies on the ledges. Sloping reefs (Goat Fence, Apuri Bay, Clown Valley, Harilolong, Pasir Merah, Limarahing) grade between rubble or volcanic sand and dense coral gardens. Muck and jetty sites (Masjid Ampera, Ampera, Lobang, Bakalang Jetty, Beang Abang) sit on dark volcanic sand and are defined by macro life, and Goa Wolang is a cave.

Coral is usually denser in the shallower sections: near-continuous staghorn canopies on Goat Fence's shallow crest and upper slope, across the final third of Harilolong, and at Clown Valley and The Arch, and a near-continuous field of leafy (foliose) plate corals on the second Babylon dive. Other features include meter-scale plate beds at Sulambali Wall, a single massive coral head at least 2-3 m across at Apuri Bay, and a brain coral more than a meter across at The Arch. Hard coral cover (Claude CV) across 15 sites ranged from 5.8% at Motonglang (Cathedral) to 41% at Clown Valley. At Limarahing a single figure averages a dense coral garden with open black sand. Apuri Bay logged 17-24°C, consistent with strong upwelling, and Monaseli is an exceptional-current corner.

No site showed widespread bleaching. Single bleached or paling colonies were photographed at Goat Fence (at least four fully bleached colonies), Bakalang Jetty (one paling large-polyp coral), Motonglang (a bleached wire coral), Limarahing (one bleached foliose colony), Babylon (partly bleached massive colonies on both dives), and Sulambali Wall, where one large massive colony was white over roughly half its surface beside older dead-Acropora rubble; at Monaseli a tabular colony was white along one edge, and coralline-cemented rubble carries new Acropora recruits. Woven-bamboo fish traps (bubu) or their lines were photographed at six of the 19 sites: Bama Wall, Pasir Merah, Goa Wolang (two traps), Apuri Bay (five or more), Clown Valley (with a trap-marker pole), and Babylon. A thin white monofilament line or rope was photographed stretched across the upper slope at Sulambali Wall. An old tire lies on the sand at Ampera, and two plastic snack wrappers lay on the bottom at Bakalang Jetty. Recently dead colonies or patches, cause unclear, were photographed at Apuri Bay, Pasir Merah, and Limarahing. Anthias clouds are near-universal; banded sea kraits crossed the reef at Bama Wall and Harilolong, a very large marbled ray was logged at Motonglang, and the muck dives produced three seahorses at Beang Abang and a bobtail squid at Ampera.

Highlights

Notable observations (13)

Coral cover over time (pooled)

One point per year: the mean of every hard coral cover value available for this region that year — Anderson’s own dives and every independent survey station within 5 km of them. The vertical bar is the full range behind that mean. Different programs use different methods at different stations, so this is a regional summary, not a single comparable series. Years resting on fewer than three values are drawn as smaller points (2025). Non-CRD points are from WCS Indonesia and WWF-US / WWF-Indonesia. Marker shape: Anderson’s own dives, other organizations’ surveys.
0%15%30%45%60%2014202020262014: mean 28% of 3 values (range 8.0–53%)2025: mean 0.0% of 1 value2026: mean 20% of 15 values (range 5.8–41%)
Sites in this region (19)

Nearby external survey stations

4 independent survey records within 5 km of a site in this region (each record counted once).

All images from Coral Reef Diagnostics. Data are from Coral Reef Diagnostics, WCS Indonesia, and WWF-US / WWF-Indonesia.

© Coral Reef Diagnostics.

References