Coral Reef Diagnostics

Indonesia - Raja Ampat

NOAA Coral Reef Watch

Regional summary of 21 dive sites (13 with their own page). Figures are averages across the sites that report them (n = sites with a value); each site's own page has its individual values.

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05
Coral Reef Diagnostics
Photo: Anderson Mayfield/Coral Reef Diagnostics — Raja Ampat - Melissa's Garden (Fam/Penemu)
Country
Sites
21
each linked below
Hard coral cover (regional mean; Claude computer vision)
25% ± 13% (std. dev.)
n = 10 of 21 sites. range 7.2–44%
Water temp. during surveys (regional mean)
27.5°C
n = 18 of 21 sites; surveyed Oct 2018; 3 sites logged as a range, counted at their midpoint
Coral Health Index (regional mean)
4.75 / 5
n = 3 of 21 sites; scale of zero to five, higher is healthier
Most recent water temperature record
26 Oct 2026 · West Papua
Most recent heat stress record
26 Oct 2026 · Bleaching Watch
Mean annual max degree heating weeks (DHW), last 5 years
2021–2025 · West Papua
Highest annual heat stress
in 2024 · West Papua
Severe heat-stress years
1985–2025 · 4 in the last 10 years
Heat-stress figures: NOAA Coral Reef Watch — West Papua 5-km virtual station. Each pill links its source record and carries the values behind it.
Regional summary

Raja Ampat's pinnacles, seamounts, and limestone walls, dived in October 2018, hold abundant soft corals, sea fans, and black coral, with hard coral concentrated on reef tops and in the shallows. Fish life was very high, including gray reef sharks, wobbegongs, and pygmy seahorses.

Heat stress

0481216Week of 2023-01-01: DHW 7.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.93°CWeek of 2023-01-08: DHW 7.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.76°CWeek of 2023-01-15: DHW 6.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.95°CWeek of 2023-01-22: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.70°CWeek of 2023-01-29: DHW 4.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.75°CWeek of 2023-02-05: DHW 3.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.50°CWeek of 2023-02-12: DHW 2.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.50°CWeek of 2023-02-19: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.58°CWeek of 2023-02-26: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.59°CWeek of 2023-03-05: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.71°CWeek of 2023-03-12: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.86°CWeek of 2023-03-19: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.16°CWeek of 2023-03-26: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.02°CWeek of 2023-04-02: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.15°CWeek of 2023-04-09: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.09°CWeek of 2023-04-16: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.16°CWeek of 2023-04-23: DHW 1.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.28°CWeek of 2023-04-30: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.47°CWeek of 2023-05-07: DHW 3.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.52°CWeek of 2023-05-14: DHW 4.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.56°CWeek of 2023-05-21: DHW 4.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.26°CWeek of 2023-05-28: DHW 5.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.50°CWeek of 2023-06-04: DHW 6.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.45°CWeek of 2023-06-11: DHW 5.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.20°CWeek of 2023-06-18: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.96°CWeek of 2023-06-25: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.15°CWeek of 2023-07-02: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.11°CWeek of 2023-07-09: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.01°CWeek of 2023-07-16: DHW 5.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.10°CWeek of 2023-07-23: DHW 4.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.17°CWeek of 2023-07-30: DHW 3.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.27°CWeek of 2023-08-06: DHW 2.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.19°CWeek of 2023-08-13: DHW 1.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.06°CWeek of 2023-08-20: DHW 1.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.95°CWeek of 2023-08-27: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.02°CWeek of 2023-10-08: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.43°CWeek of 2023-10-15: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.35°CWeek of 2023-10-22: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.45°CWeek of 2023-10-29: DHW 1.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.59°CWeek of 2023-11-05: DHW 2.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.59°CWeek of 2023-11-12: DHW 2.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.34°CWeek of 2023-11-19: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.38°CWeek of 2023-11-26: DHW 3.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.28°CWeek of 2023-12-03: DHW 4.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.24°CWeek of 2023-12-10: DHW 4.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.21°CWeek of 2023-12-17: DHW 4.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.38°CWeek of 2023-12-24: DHW 5.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.25°CWeek of 2023-12-31: DHW 5.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.42°CWeek of 2024-01-07: DHW 6.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.15°CWeek of 2024-01-14: DHW 6.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.03°CWeek of 2024-01-21: DHW 6.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.68°CWeek of 2024-01-28: DHW 5.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.88°CWeek of 2024-02-04: DHW 4.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.64°CWeek of 2024-02-11: DHW 4.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.68°CWeek of 2024-02-18: DHW 3.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.93°CWeek of 2024-02-25: DHW 2.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.17°CWeek of 2024-03-03: DHW 3.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.27°CWeek of 2024-03-10: DHW 3.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.00°CWeek of 2024-03-17: DHW 3.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.09°CWeek of 2024-03-24: DHW 2.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.13°CWeek of 2024-03-31: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.14°CWeek of 2024-04-07: DHW 2.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.10°CWeek of 2024-04-14: DHW 3.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.25°CWeek of 2024-04-21: DHW 4.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.66°CWeek of 2024-04-28: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.68°CWeek of 2024-05-05: DHW 6.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.50°CWeek of 2024-05-12: DHW 7.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.43°CWeek of 2024-05-19: DHW 7.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.36°CWeek of 2024-05-26: DHW 7.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.43°CWeek of 2024-06-02: DHW 8.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.39°CWeek of 2024-06-09: DHW 9.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.32°CWeek of 2024-06-16: DHW 9.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.30°CWeek of 2024-06-23: DHW 8.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.10°CWeek of 2024-06-30: DHW 7.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.92°CWeek of 2024-07-07: DHW 7.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.98°CWeek of 2024-07-14: DHW 7.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.93°CWeek of 2024-07-21: DHW 5.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.72°CWeek of 2024-07-28: DHW 4.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.00°CWeek of 2024-08-04: DHW 4.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.02°CWeek of 2024-08-11: DHW 3.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.13°CWeek of 2024-08-18: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.15°CWeek of 2024-08-25: DHW 1.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.07°CWeek of 2024-09-01: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.15°CWeek of 2024-09-08: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.47°CWeek of 2024-09-15: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.71°CWeek of 2024-09-22: DHW 2.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.63°CWeek of 2024-09-29: DHW 3.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.60°CWeek of 2024-10-06: DHW 4.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.46°CWeek of 2024-10-13: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.48°CWeek of 2024-10-20: DHW 6.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.36°CWeek of 2024-10-27: DHW 7.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.56°CWeek of 2024-11-03: DHW 8.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.54°CWeek of 2024-11-10: DHW 10.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.78°CWeek of 2024-11-17: DHW 11.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.65°CWeek of 2024-11-24: DHW 12.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.57°CWeek of 2024-12-01: DHW 13.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.56°CWeek of 2024-12-08: DHW 14.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.58°CWeek of 2024-12-15: DHW 14.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.43°CWeek of 2024-12-22: DHW 13.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.19°CWeek of 2024-12-29: DHW 12.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.02°CWeek of 2025-01-06: DHW 12.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.25°CWeek of 2025-01-12: DHW 12.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.46°CWeek of 2025-01-19: DHW 12.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.45°CWeek of 2025-01-26: DHW 12.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.22°CWeek of 2025-02-02: DHW 11.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.04°CWeek of 2025-02-09: DHW 10.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.02°CWeek of 2025-02-16: DHW 8.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.01°CWeek of 2025-02-23: DHW 7.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.95°CWeek of 2025-03-02: DHW 6.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.18°CWeek of 2025-03-09: DHW 4.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.37°CWeek of 2025-03-16: DHW 5.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.26°CWeek of 2025-03-23: DHW 5.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.25°CWeek of 2025-03-30: DHW 6.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.21°CWeek of 2025-04-06: DHW 5.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.13°CWeek of 2025-04-13: DHW 5.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.37°CWeek of 2025-04-20: DHW 5.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.38°CWeek of 2025-04-27: DHW 6.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.38°CWeek of 2025-05-04: DHW 7.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.26°CWeek of 2025-05-11: DHW 8.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.59°CWeek of 2025-05-18: DHW 9.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.43°CWeek of 2025-05-25: DHW 10.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.35°CWeek of 2025-06-01: DHW 10.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.35°CWeek of 2025-06-08: DHW 10.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.65°CWeek of 2025-06-15: DHW 10.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.39°CWeek of 2025-06-22: DHW 10.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.04°CWeek of 2025-06-29: DHW 9.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.04°CWeek of 2025-07-06: DHW 9.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.06°CWeek of 2025-07-13: DHW 7.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.87°CWeek of 2025-07-20: DHW 7.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.29°CWeek of 2025-07-27: DHW 6.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.27°CWeek of 2025-08-03: DHW 5.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.22°CWeek of 2025-08-10: DHW 4.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.93°CWeek of 2025-08-17: DHW 3.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.91°CWeek of 2025-08-24: DHW 2.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.82°CWeek of 2025-08-31: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.89°CWeek of 2025-09-07: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.99°CWeek of 2025-09-14: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.01°CWeek of 2025-09-21: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.39°CWeek of 2025-09-28: DHW 0.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.37°CWeek of 2025-10-24: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.36°CWeek of 2025-10-26: DHW 1.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.10°CWeek of 2025-11-02: DHW 2.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.40°CWeek of 2025-11-09: DHW 3.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.61°CWeek of 2025-11-16: DHW 4.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.44°CWeek of 2025-11-23: DHW 5.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.41°CWeek of 2025-11-30: DHW 5.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.19°CWeek of 2025-12-07: DHW 5.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.06°CWeek of 2025-12-14: DHW 5.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.23°CWeek of 2025-12-21: DHW 5.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.01°CWeek of 2025-12-28: DHW 5.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.93°CWeek of 2026-01-04: DHW 5.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.77°CWeek of 2026-01-11: DHW 5.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.81°CWeek of 2026-01-18: DHW 5.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.85°CWeek of 2026-01-25: DHW 4.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.23°CWeek of 2026-02-01: DHW 3.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.19°CWeek of 2026-02-08: DHW 2.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.05°CWeek of 2026-02-15: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.01°CWeek of 2026-02-22: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.88°CWeek of 2026-04-26: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.25°CWeek of 2026-05-03: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.49°CWeek of 2026-05-10: DHW 1.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.39°CWeek of 2026-05-17: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.33°CWeek of 2026-05-24: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.36°CWeek of 2026-05-31: DHW 2.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.37°CWeek of 2026-06-07: DHW 2.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.38°CWeek of 2026-06-14: DHW 2.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.38°CWeek of 2026-06-21: DHW 2.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.37°CWeek of 2026-06-28: DHW 2.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.34°CWeek of 2026-07-05: DHW 2.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.17°CWeek of 2026-07-12: DHW 2.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.23°CWeek of 2026-07-19: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.20°CWeek of 2026-07-26: DHW 1.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.13°CWeek of 2026-08-02: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.22°CWeek of 2026-08-09: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.39°CWeek of 2026-08-16: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.29°CWeek of 2026-08-23: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.11°CWeek of 2026-08-30: DHW 1.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.35°CWeek of 2026-09-06: DHW 1.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.32°CWeek of 2026-09-13: DHW 1.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.91°CWeek of 2026-09-20: DHW 1.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.14°CWeek of 2026-09-27: DHW 1.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.25°C2829303132Bleaching threshold 30.1°C2023202420252026SST (°C)DHW (°C-weeks)
sea surface temperature (SST) (left axis)DHW under 2DHW 2–3DHW 3–5DHW 5–8DHW 8–10DHW over 10 (🔥 above 12)
Daily SST (line) and weekly maximum Degree Heating Weeks (bars), Jan 2023–Oct 2026, NOAA Coral Reef Watch 5-km West Papua virtual station. Dashed line: bleaching threshold (maximum monthly mean 29.1°C + 1°C). DHW ≥ 4: bleaching likely; ≥ 8: severe bleaching and mortality likely. A bar is drawn only where DHW exceeds zero, so a stretch with no bar is accumulated heat stress of zero, not missing data — the SST line runs the full period.

Long-term record: 5 years from 1985 through 2025 reached 8 or more °C-weeks at NOAA’s West Papua station. Download the annual DHW data (CSV).

21 sites in this region — click a marker to open that site.

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Regional setting

Spalding et al. (2001) never name Raja Ampat. The nearest landmark in their Indonesia chapter is the Bird's Head (Doberai) Peninsula, which falls in the last of the sub-regions in their account, the Moluccas and Irian Jaya. They characterize that sub-region as bathymetrically complex, with clear oceanic water so deep that islands only tens of kilometers apart can lie on either side of channels more than 1,000 m deep. One of its only two true continental-shelf areas is a shallow platform west of the Bird's Head, yet the authors had little or no information on the reef communities around the peninsula, and they describe Indonesia as holding a huge range of reefs, many poorly known or not described at all. For the country as a whole, they estimate about 51,020 km² of coral reef, roughly 18% of the global total and more than any other nation, and list 443 recorded coral species against an estimate of 581-602 for its wider biogeographic region. Souter et al. (2021) include Indonesia in the East Asian Seas region, which overlaps the Coral Triangle and holds 78,272 km² of reef (just over 30% of the world's total) and nearly 600 reef-building coral species.

Wilkinson (2006), summarizing the 2004 Southeast Asia assessment, reported that reef condition across the region had kept declining, though Indonesia showed some signs of coral recovery; the main direct pressures were overfishing and destructive fishing, land-based pollution, and sediment from coastal development and deforestation. For the East Asian Seas as a whole, Souter et al. (2021) estimate that hard coral cover climbed from 33% in 1999 to 41% in 2009, fell to 35% by 2012 after the 2010 mass bleaching, dipped to 33.9% in 2017 after the 2016 event, and stood near 36.8% in 2019. They caution that even the earliest records probably describe reefs already altered by people, and that monitoring has favored accessible, well-known sites, while many reefs in the large archipelagic nations remain hard for researchers to reach. Razak et al. (2026), pooling two decades of Indonesian reef monitoring, found no significant trend in hard coral cover at the two Raja Ampat locations nearest this region’s sites: southern Waigeo (seven sites, 2006–2010) and Misool (eight sites, 2009–2015).

Overview

This region covers 21 sites from a liveaboard trip dived between 16 and 23 October 2018. Most lie in two parts of Raja Ampat: the Dampier Strait and Fam/Penemu group in the north (Cape Kri, Blue Magic, Mioskon, My Reef, Melissa's Garden) and the Misool area in the south (Shadow Reef, Barracuda Rock, Four Kings, Nudi Rock, Little Juliet, Anchovy, Two Tree Island). It also includes Karang Paradise, whose region is not established. Settings range from pinnacles and seamounts (Blue Magic, Four Kings, My Reef) to sheer walls below undercut limestone islets (Nudi Rock, Two Tree Island), a very sheltered fringing reef at Barracuda Rock, and a sand muck site beside a Dampier Strait town pier. Logged maximum depths ran from 15.4 m at Nudi Rock to 35.3 m at Cape Kri.

Soft corals are prominent almost everywhere: Sinularia and Sarcophyton recur on most dives, soft-coral cover exceeded hard at Shadow Reef and Little Juliet, and deeper walls carry sea fans, black coral, and green Tubastraea. Hard coral concentrates on reef tops and shallows. Melissa's Garden logged Acropora tables 5 m across and branching acroporids at 100% cover through most of the shallows; Barracuda Rock logged at least 50-60 coral species. Seriatopora hystrix and S. caliendrum are common at many sites, and plating Pachyseris and Montipora dominate at depth. Hard coral cover (Claude CV) across 10 sites ran from 7.2% at Two Tree Island to 44% at Karang Paradise, with Melissa's Garden at 41%; Anderson's in-water impressions were sometimes higher, more than 40-50% in places at Nudi Rock.

The majority of dives logged no bleaching, but one possibly bleached branching colony was photographed at Mioskon (one frame); at Blue Magic a few colonies are white or pale beside pigmented neighbors (the white plates bleached or recently dead, unresolved); the Blue Magic frames are flagged rather than diagnosed. Some Seriatopora hystrix looked white or sickly at My Reef and The Lagoon. At Karang Paradise bands of recently dead, bare white corallites run across several colonies of the dominant coral (Galaxea, by Anderson's call), cause unclear, and a fishing line was snagged across a staghorn thicket, matching the fishing gear damage and waste in the dive log; the Dampier Strait muck dive had pockets of trash. Fish biomass was very high, with giant trevally, tuna, barracuda, batfish, Napoleon wrasse, and gray reef sharks at several sites, three wobbegongs at My Reef, epaulette sharks on the Misool night dive, a hammerhead at Karang Paradise, and pygmy seahorses at Anchovy and Little Juliet. Strong current shaped the dives at My Reef and Two Tree Island.

Highlights

Notable observations

Coral cover over time (pooled)

One point per year: the mean of every hard coral cover value available for this region that year — Anderson’s own dives and every independent survey station within 5 km of them. The vertical bar is the full range behind that mean. Different programs use different methods at different stations, so this is a regional summary, not a single comparable series. Two values above 70% were excluded as best-patch figures rather than site means. Years resting on fewer than three values are drawn as smaller points (2016, 2020, 2026). Non-CRD points are from Conservation International (CI), Social Ecological Research Frontiers (SERF) / University of Rhode Island (URI) / Thriving Oceans, Yuanike et al. (2019), MERMAID project “Lilah coral EE”, and submitted to MERMAID by Maulana N, Wunanto A. Marker shape: Anderson’s own dives, other organizations’ surveys, a mix of both, that year.
0%17%34%51%68%2016202120262016: mean 61% of 2 values (range 52–70%)2018: mean 28% of 17 values (range 7.2–44%)2019: mean 31% of 14 values (range 8.2–69%)2020: mean 64% of 1 value2025: mean 39% of 5 values (range 35–45%)2026: mean 24% of 2 values (range 18–30%)
Sites in this region (21)

* Based on only 10–19 reef-habitat photos; this estimate is less certain.

% coral cover by method

Pooled across 10 dive sites

MethodMean % coral coverStd. dev. between dive sitesn dive sitesNote
CoralSCOP (SAM-based mask-sum), edited photos31%±7.8101 of these 10 values rests on 10–19 photographs (*)
Claude (Anthropic), blind point count25%±13101 of these 10 values rests on 10–19 photographs (*)
In-house DINOv3 point classifier25%±5.7101 of these 10 values rests on 10–19 photographs (*)

The mean is an UNWEIGHTED mean of the dive site values — each dive site counts once, whatever its photo count — which is the convention of the published tables and of every other figure on this page. Each value is the one printed on that dive site's own page; a page that prints no value for a method (fewer than 10 photographs) is left out of that method's mean.

This table pools only the 10 dive sites in this unit that have a method comparison.

By dive site

Dive siteCoralSCOP (edited)ClaudeDINOv3Coralscapes v2Coralscapes v1
Raja Ampat - Karang Paradise31%
n=134
44%
n=132
29%
n=136
68%
n=127
66%
n=127
Raja Ampat - Shadow Reef18%
n=106
17%
n=85
18%
n=107
47%
n=81
44%
n=83
Raja Ampat - Nudi Rock32%
n=100
30%
n=97
26%
n=100
62%
n=98
61%
n=98
Raja Ampat - Little Juliet28%*
n=13
26%*
n=13
24%*
n=13
51%*
n=12
48%*
n=12
Raja Ampat - Anchovy38%
n=64
32%
n=64
26%
n=64
55%
n=64
55%
n=64
Raja Ampat - Two Tree Island19%
n=88
7.2%
n=77
19%
n=88
31%
n=75
31%
n=82
Raja Ampat - My Reef39%
n=54
33%
n=54
32%
n=54
52%
n=54
55%
n=54
Raja Ampat - Melissa's Garden (Fam/Penemu)41%
n=89
41%
n=89
35%
n=89
70%
n=89
71%
n=89
Raja Ampat - Blue Magic27%
n=42
11%
n=40
19%
n=42
36%
n=40
29%
n=40
Raja Ampat - Mioskon33%
n=47
12%
n=47
24%
n=47
45%
n=47
43%
n=47

n under each value is the number of photographs that method scored at that dive site. ⚠ marks a cell that is not an independent check. * marks a value resting on only 10–19 photographs, which is less certain.

Reference: blind Claude computer-vision point count on the author's edited photographs (20 points per photo); no diver transect exists for this trip. Denominator: (HC + BL) / (20 − WATER − FISH − OBST) per photo, UNK kept in the denominator; mean ± SD across photos. Source: Claude computer-vision point counts of the author's edited photographs, October 2018 (sites with complete scoring) For all 12 dive sites in the comparison: Headline: Claude computer vision — a blind point count of this site's own photographs. DINOv3 and CoralSCOP were run on the same photos and are listed for comparison. Coralscapes v2 and v1 are shown for comparison only: the author does not consider Coralscapes reliable for these photos, so they are low confidence and never enter any average or summary. No diver transect exists for this trip, so agreement between the rows is not accuracy, and no computer-vision method yet estimates coral cover accurately on new images; treat every row as indicative. Comparison lines only, Raja Ampat proper + Pulau Koon (Triton Bay is tabulated on its own). Claude vs DINOv3 on the same 20 points per photo: point agreement 73.6%, kappa 0.33 (12,820 points); site cover bias +0.5 pp, MAE 6.3 pp, r 0.80. Claude vs CoralSCOP -7.2 pp (MAE 9.2, r 0.66); CoralSCOP is a mask-sum area index that runs high (about +11 pp vs manual points). No transect exists for this trip: this is agreement between methods, not accuracy.

Nearby external survey stations

36 independent survey records within 5 km of a site in this region (each record counted once; 33 lines, and a line that pools several records says how many).

Show all 36 records

All images from Coral Reef Diagnostics. Data are from Coral Reef Diagnostics, Conservation International (CI), Social Ecological Research Frontiers (SERF) / University of Rhode Island (URI) / Thriving Oceans, and Yuanike et al. (2019).

© Coral Reef Diagnostics.

References