Coral Reef Diagnostics

Philippines - Palawan

NOAA Coral Reef Watch

Regional summary of 12 dive sites. Figures are averages across the sites that report them (n = sites with a value); each site's own page has its individual values. Part of the Philippines overview.

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05
Photo: Anderson Mayfield/Coral Reef Diagnostics — Philippines - Port Barton, Palawan: island-hopping stop 1 (San Miguel area)
Country
Philippines
Sites
12
each linked below
Hard coral cover (regional mean)
28% ± 9.3% (std. dev.)
n=12. range 15–43%
Water temp. during surveys (regional mean)
27.3°C
n = 8 of 12 sites; surveyed Jan 2017
Coral Health Index (regional mean)
not yet scored
n = 0 of 12 sites
Most recent water temperature record
16 Sep 2026 · Western Philippines
Most recent heat stress record
16 Sep 2026 · below alert level
Mean annual max degree heating weeks (DHW), last 5 years
2021–2025 · Western Philippines
Highest annual heat stress
in 2024 · Western Philippines
Severe heat-stress years
1985–2025 · 3 in the last 10 years
Heat-stress figures: NOAA Coral Reef Watch — Western Philippines 5-km virtual station. Each pill links its source record and carries the values behind it.
Regional summary

Palawan's reefs and WWII wrecks at Port Barton, El Nido, and Coron, visited in January 2017, feature vast staghorn and table-coral thickets and coral-colonized hulls. Condition was mostly good, though one Port Barton bay held extensive standing dead coral with new recruits growing on it.

Heat stress

0481216Week of 2023-05-14: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.45°CWeek of 2023-05-21: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.40°CWeek of 2023-05-28: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.00°CWeek of 2023-06-04: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.06°CWeek of 2023-06-11: DHW 0.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.10°CWeek of 2023-06-18: DHW 0.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.34°CWeek of 2023-06-25: DHW 0.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.27°CWeek of 2023-07-02: DHW 0.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.30°CWeek of 2023-07-09: DHW 0.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.04°CWeek of 2023-07-16: DHW 0.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.80°CWeek of 2023-07-23: DHW 0.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.56°CWeek of 2023-07-30: DHW 0.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.71°CWeek of 2023-08-06: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.05°CWeek of 2023-08-13: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.75°CWeek of 2023-08-20: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.82°CWeek of 2023-08-27: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.73°CWeek of 2023-09-03: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.90°CWeek of 2023-10-29: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.46°CWeek of 2023-11-05: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.23°CWeek of 2023-11-12: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.12°CWeek of 2023-11-19: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.82°CWeek of 2023-11-26: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.72°CWeek of 2023-12-03: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.51°CWeek of 2023-12-10: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.60°CWeek of 2023-12-17: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.17°CWeek of 2023-12-24: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.08°CWeek of 2023-12-31: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.21°CWeek of 2024-01-07: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.04°CWeek of 2024-01-14: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.44°CWeek of 2024-01-21: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.48°CWeek of 2024-04-21: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.66°CWeek of 2024-04-28: DHW 1.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.90°CWeek of 2024-05-05: DHW 3.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.93°CWeek of 2024-05-12: DHW 4.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.13°CWeek of 2024-05-19: DHW 6.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.31°CWeek of 2024-05-26: DHW 7.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.00°CWeek of 2024-06-02: DHW 9.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.84°CWeek of 2024-06-09: DHW 10.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.90°CWeek of 2024-06-16: DHW 11.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.67°CWeek of 2024-06-23: DHW 12.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.69°CWeek of 2024-06-30: DHW 12.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.47°CWeek of 2024-07-07: DHW 12.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.35°CWeek of 2024-07-14: DHW 12.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.96°CWeek of 2024-07-21: DHW 11.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.78°CWeek of 2024-07-28: DHW 10.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.18°CWeek of 2024-08-04: DHW 8.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.98°CWeek of 2024-08-11: DHW 7.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.39°CWeek of 2024-08-18: DHW 5.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.55°CWeek of 2024-08-25: DHW 5.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.21°CWeek of 2024-09-01: DHW 4.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.73°CWeek of 2024-09-08: DHW 3.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.06°CWeek of 2024-09-15: DHW 2.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.53°CWeek of 2024-09-22: DHW 1.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.71°CWeek of 2024-09-29: DHW 1.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.83°CWeek of 2024-10-06: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.26°CWeek of 2024-10-13: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.44°CWeek of 2024-10-20: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.12°CWeek of 2024-10-27: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.46°CWeek of 2024-11-03: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.68°CWeek of 2024-11-10: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.96°CWeek of 2024-11-17: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.78°CWeek of 2024-11-24: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.56°CWeek of 2024-12-01: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.66°CWeek of 2024-12-08: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.59°CWeek of 2024-12-15: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.26°CWeek of 2024-12-22: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.13°CWeek of 2024-12-29: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.23°CWeek of 2025-01-06: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.14°CWeek of 2025-05-04: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.17°CWeek of 2025-05-11: DHW 1.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.60°CWeek of 2025-05-18: DHW 1.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.59°CWeek of 2025-05-25: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.55°CWeek of 2025-06-01: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.23°CWeek of 2025-06-08: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.89°CWeek of 2025-06-15: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.05°CWeek of 2025-06-22: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.86°CWeek of 2025-06-29: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.72°CWeek of 2025-07-06: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.78°CWeek of 2025-07-13: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.69°CWeek of 2025-07-20: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.47°CWeek of 2025-07-27: DHW 1.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.93°CWeek of 2025-08-03: DHW 1.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.07°CWeek of 2025-08-10: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.86°CWeek of 2025-08-17: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.60°CWeek of 2026-05-10: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.33°CWeek of 2026-05-17: DHW 1.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.81°CWeek of 2026-05-24: DHW 3.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.74°CWeek of 2026-05-31: DHW 3.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.29°CWeek of 2026-06-07: DHW 4.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.60°CWeek of 2026-06-14: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.86°CWeek of 2026-06-21: DHW 6.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.57°CWeek of 2026-06-28: DHW 6.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.51°CWeek of 2026-07-05: DHW 6.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.32°CWeek of 2026-07-12: DHW 6.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.10°CWeek of 2026-07-19: DHW 6.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.26°CWeek of 2026-07-26: DHW 6.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.08°CWeek of 2026-08-02: DHW 6.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.22°CWeek of 2026-08-09: DHW 6.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.01°CWeek of 2026-08-16: DHW 4.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.08°CWeek of 2026-08-23: DHW 3.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.28°CWeek of 2026-08-30: DHW 3.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.36°CWeek of 2026-09-06: DHW 2.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.29°CWeek of 2026-09-13: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.65°C272829303132Bleaching threshold 30.6°C2023202420252026SST (°C)DHW (°C-weeks)
sea surface temperature (SST) (left axis)DHW under 2DHW 2–3DHW 3–5DHW 5–8DHW 8–10DHW over 10 (🔥 above 12)
Daily SST (line) and weekly maximum Degree Heating Weeks (bars), Jan 2023–Sep 2026, NOAA Coral Reef Watch 5-km Western Philippines virtual station. Dashed line: bleaching threshold (maximum monthly mean 29.6°C + 1°C). DHW ≥ 4: bleaching likely; ≥ 8: severe bleaching and mortality likely. A bar is drawn only where DHW exceeds zero, so a stretch with no bar is accumulated heat stress of zero, not missing data — the SST line runs the full period.

Long-term record: 4 years since 1985 reached 8 or more °C-weeks at NOAA’s Western Philippines station. Download the annual DHW data (CSV).

12 sites in this region — click a marker to open that site.

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Regional setting

Spalding et al. (2001) rank Palawan's reefs among the most fully developed in the Philippines, with fringing and patch reefs along most of its coast and live coral cover reported at 50-90% in places. Banks and shoals off the west coast are thought to belong to a long, submerged barrier reef, and the Sulu Sea holds two major atoll systems, the Cagayan Islands and Tubbataha, the latter made up of two atolls. At the time, Palawan, eastern Luzon, and the southern Sulu Sea were the only areas where the authors did not consider demersal fish stocks overfished, but they flag pooling, in which a hundred or more divers drive fish into nets with jets of compressed air, as possibly widespread off Palawan. Their protected-area list includes the Palawan Biosphere Reserve (11,508 km², 1990), El Nido Marine Reserve (950 km², 1992), and Tubbataha, a World Heritage Site since 1993. Nationally, they estimate about 25,060 km² of reef, with 421 coral species recorded and 577 estimated. Souter et al. (2021) place the Palawan/North Borneo ecoregion in the largest East Asian Seas subregion, 32,567 km², or 41.6% of the region's reef area.

In that subregion, Souter et al. (2021) found considerable swings in modeled hard coral cover and a substantial fall in algal cover, but the data come from 171 sites, none monitored for longer than 15 years. Region-wide, they tie coral losses to the 2010 and 2016 mass bleaching events and cite overfishing, coastal aquaculture, siltation, eutrophication, and marine plastics as the main local pressures. Wilkinson (2006) described reef condition in the Philippines as still declining in 2004, under heavy fishing pressure, including damaging methods, and sediment from coastal development.

Overview

The 12 Palawan sites were visited between 20 and 28 January 2017 in three areas: Port Barton, the Bacuit Archipelago off El Nido, and Busuanga and Coron Island. They mix natural reefs with three wrecks. At Port Barton these are the Alberguin wreck on silty sand, a shallow bay snorkel (Reef 1), and two island-hopping stops. In El Nido they are Nat Nat, Paglugaban Rocks (a gently rolling fore reef around an offshore rock outcrop), and Abdens. At Coron they are the WWII wrecks Akikushima and Taiei Maru, Coral Gardens, and snorkels in the karst lagoons of Twin Lagoon and Green Lagoon. Logged maximum depths on the scuba dives ran from 15.2 m at Coral Gardens to 34.4 m on the Akikushima wreck; Reef 1, the two Port Barton island-hopping stops, and the Coron lagoons were snorkels.

Acropora and plating corals define the best reefs. The first Port Barton island-hopping stop had vast monospecific staghorn and tabulate Acropora thickets beside an unbroken pavement of violet-edged foliose plating coral, with massive Porites bommies between them. Abdens had broad fields of tabular plates, one table several meters across, and Coral Gardens had overlapping foliose corals including Pachyseris interleaved with staghorn thickets. Paglugaban Rocks showed striking genus diversity, from Seriatopora and Pocillopora to Montipora, Porites, and brain corals. The wreck hulls were colonized by Euphyllia, Plerogyra, Turbinaria, soft corals, and at Taiei Maru an intact Acropora table on a beam.

Photo-derived cover estimates on the natural reefs ranged from 17.2% at Nat Nat, with Abdens close behind at 17.5%, to 43.4% at the second Port Barton island-hopping stop. The first stop's 37.9% is likely an understatement given how much of it is solid living coral, and wreck values index hull colonization rather than reef cover. Condition was mostly good, with no site-wide bleaching. Flags were local: a partially bleached colony at the second island-hopping stop, where fleshy brown algae crowded rubble and dead framework, and scattered white patches or recent-mortality spots at Paglugaban Rocks and Coral Gardens. Reef 1 near Port Barton town was the clear exception, with extensive standing dead branching Acropora from an older mortality event. Small live recruits were growing on the dead branches there.

Visibility was poor on several dives, especially at Nat Nat and the Coron wrecks. Sightings include cuttlefish and a giant clam at Paglugaban Rocks, Culcita novaeguineae at Abdens, a batfish on the Taiei Maru, and a cluster of free-living mushroom corals at the second island-hopping stop.

Highlights

Notable observations

Coral cover over time (pooled)

One point per year: the mean of every hard coral cover value available for this region that year — Anderson’s own dives and every independent survey station within 5 km of them. The vertical bar is the full range behind that mean. Different programs use different methods at different stations, so this is a regional summary, not a single comparable series. One value above 70% was excluded as best-patch figures rather than site means. Years resting on fewer than three values are drawn as smaller points (2018, 2019). Non-CRD points are from Reef Check Foundation. Marker shape: his own dives, other organizations’ surveys.
0%17%34%51%68%1998 bleaching1998200820191998: mean 30% of 3 values (range 24–34%)2004: mean 45% of 3 values (range 42–46%)2013: mean 41% of 11 values (range 4.4–69%)2014: mean 38% of 12 values (range 7.5–61%)2015: mean 28% of 5 values (range 24–34%)2017: mean 28% of 12 values (range 15–43%)2018: mean 22% of 1 value2019: mean 24% of 2 values (range 16–33%)
Sites in this region (12)

Nearby external survey stations

32 independent survey records within 5 km of a site in this region (deduplicated across sites).

Show all 32 records

All images from Coral Reef Diagnostics. Data are from Coral Reef Diagnostics and Reef Check Foundation.

© Coral Reef Diagnostics.

References