Coral Reef Diagnostics

Egypt

NOAA Coral Reef Watch

Regional summary of 11 dive sites. Figures are averages across the sites that report them (n = sites with a value); each site's own page has its individual values. Part of the Red Sea overview.

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05
Coral Reef Diagnostics
Photo: Anderson Mayfield/Coral Reef Diagnostics — Egypt Red Sea - Abu Galawa-small (Wadi Lahami)
Country
Egypt
Sites
11
each linked below
Hard coral cover (regional mean)
22% ± 4.4% (std. dev.)
n=11. range 13–28%
Water temp. during surveys (regional mean)
31.3°C
n = 11 of 11 sites; surveyed Sep 2024
Coral Health Index (regional mean)
1.83 / 5
n = 3 of 11 sites; scale of zero to five, higher is healthier
Coral bleached (regional mean)
59%
Most recent water temperature record
26 Oct 2026 · Egypt
Most recent heat stress record
26 Oct 2026 · NOAA alert that day: no stress (water now below the bleaching threshold; 12.6°C-weeks built up over the last 12 weeks)
Mean annual max degree heating weeks (DHW), last 5 years
2021–2025 · Egypt
Highest annual heat stress
in 2024 · Egypt
Severe heat-stress years
1985–2025 · 7 in the last 10 years
Heat-stress figures: NOAA Coral Reef Watch — Egypt 5-km virtual station. Each pill links its source record and carries the values behind it.
Regional summary

Eleven Red Sea reef slopes, pinnacles, and a coral-covered shipwreck at Marsa Nakari and Wadi Lahami were dived in September 2024, in the middle of a severe bleaching event. Nearly all corals showed some bleaching, with bleached tissue ranging from 45.5% to 73.8% across sites.

Heat stress

0481216202428Week of 2023-07-09: DHW 1.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.92°CWeek of 2023-07-16: DHW 2.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.55°CWeek of 2023-07-23: DHW 5.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.37°CWeek of 2023-07-30: DHW 7.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.76°CWeek of 2023-08-06: DHW 10.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.67°CWeek of 2023-08-13: DHW 12.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.44°CWeek of 2023-08-20: DHW 13.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.30°CWeek of 2023-08-27: DHW 15.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.08°CWeek of 2023-09-03: DHW 17.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.09°CWeek of 2023-09-10: DHW 18.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.96°CWeek of 2023-09-17: DHW 19.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.16°CWeek of 2023-09-24: DHW 19.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.85°CWeek of 2023-10-01: DHW 19.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.89°CWeek of 2023-10-08: DHW 17.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.49°CWeek of 2023-10-15: DHW 16.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.41°CWeek of 2023-10-22: DHW 13.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.88°CWeek of 2023-10-29: DHW 11.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.72°CWeek of 2023-11-05: DHW 8.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.89°CWeek of 2023-11-12: DHW 6.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.24°CWeek of 2023-11-19: DHW 5.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.24°CWeek of 2023-11-26: DHW 3.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.13°CWeek of 2023-12-03: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.80°CWeek of 2023-12-10: DHW 0.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.68°CWeek of 2024-06-30: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.81°CWeek of 2024-07-07: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.10°CWeek of 2024-07-14: DHW 4.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.09°CWeek of 2024-07-21: DHW 7.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.78°CWeek of 2024-07-28: DHW 10.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.21°CWeek of 2024-08-04: DHW 13.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.69°CWeek of 2024-08-11: DHW 16.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.44°CWeek of 2024-08-18: DHW 18.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.40°CWeek of 2024-08-25: DHW 20.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.55°CWeek of 2024-09-01: DHW 22.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.61°CWeek of 2024-09-08: DHW 24.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.36°CWeek of 2024-09-15: DHW 25.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.86°CWeek of 2024-09-22: DHW 26.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.31°CWeek of 2024-09-29: DHW 25.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.98°CWeek of 2024-10-06: DHW 23.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.38°CWeek of 2024-10-13: DHW 21.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.74°CWeek of 2024-10-20: DHW 18.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.30°CWeek of 2024-10-27: DHW 15.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.90°CWeek of 2024-11-03: DHW 12.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.54°CWeek of 2024-11-10: DHW 9.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 28.83°CWeek of 2024-11-17: DHW 7.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 28.74°CWeek of 2024-11-24: DHW 5.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 28.13°CWeek of 2024-12-01: DHW 3.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 27.52°CWeek of 2024-12-08: DHW 1.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 27.39°CWeek of 2024-12-15: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 26.57°CWeek of 2025-07-06: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.58°CWeek of 2025-07-13: DHW 1.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.00°CWeek of 2025-07-20: DHW 3.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.56°CWeek of 2025-07-27: DHW 6.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.82°CWeek of 2025-08-03: DHW 8.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.57°CWeek of 2025-08-10: DHW 10.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.76°CWeek of 2025-08-17: DHW 12.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.59°CWeek of 2025-08-24: DHW 13.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.44°CWeek of 2025-08-31: DHW 15.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.99°CWeek of 2025-09-07: DHW 16.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.61°CWeek of 2025-09-14: DHW 16.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.97°CWeek of 2025-09-21: DHW 16.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.92°CWeek of 2025-09-28: DHW 16.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.14°CWeek of 2025-10-05: DHW 16.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.48°CWeek of 2025-10-12: DHW 14.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 28.53°CWeek of 2025-10-19: DHW 12.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.74°CWeek of 2025-10-26: DHW 10.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.41°CWeek of 2025-11-02: DHW 7.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 28.68°CWeek of 2025-11-09: DHW 5.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.43°CWeek of 2025-11-16: DHW 4.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 27.67°CWeek of 2025-11-23: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 27.67°CWeek of 2025-11-30: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 27.95°CWeek of 2025-12-07: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 27.82°CWeek of 2026-07-19: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.92°CWeek of 2026-07-26: DHW 1.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.30°CWeek of 2026-08-02: DHW 2.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.29°CWeek of 2026-08-09: DHW 4.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.72°CWeek of 2026-08-16: DHW 6.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.93°CWeek of 2026-08-23: DHW 8.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.02°CWeek of 2026-08-30: DHW 10.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.76°CWeek of 2026-09-06: DHW 12.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.45°CWeek of 2026-09-13: DHW 13.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.19°CWeek of 2026-09-20: DHW 14.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.63°CWeek of 2026-09-27: DHW 14.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.47°C22242628303234Bleaching threshold 30.8°C2023202420252026SST (°C)DHW (°C-weeks)
sea surface temperature (SST) (left axis)DHW under 2DHW 2–3DHW 3–5DHW 5–8DHW 8–10DHW over 10 (🔥 above 12)
Daily SST (line) and weekly maximum Degree Heating Weeks (bars), Jan 2023–Oct 2026, NOAA Coral Reef Watch 5-km Egypt virtual station. Dashed line: bleaching threshold (maximum monthly mean 29.8°C + 1°C). DHW ≥ 4: bleaching likely; ≥ 8: severe bleaching and mortality likely. A bar is drawn only where DHW exceeds zero, so a stretch with no bar is accumulated heat stress of zero, not missing data — the SST line runs the full period.

Long-term record: 11 years from 1985 through 2025 reached 8 or more °C-weeks at NOAA’s Egypt station. Download the annual DHW data (CSV).

11 sites in this region — click a marker to open that site.

Read this summary in:

Regional setting

The Red Sea is geologically a young ocean, a basaltic spreading rift that has been pulling Africa and Arabia apart for some 70 million years. Its shallow link to the Indian Ocean has closed many times, most recently during the Pleistocene, and many of today's reefs are thin modern veneers over older Pleistocene reefs (Spalding et al. 2001). Together with the Gulf of Aden, the Red Sea may be the most biologically diverse reef area outside Southeast Asia, with many endemic species. South of the Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba, both shores of the northern Red Sea are lined with fringing reefs that run unbroken for tens of kilometers, usually with narrow reef flats. Live coral cover reached 60–80% on many northern reef slopes, and no bleached reefs were seen in this part of the Red Sea in 1998. Egypt's coast has been reshaped by tourism since the 1980s; poorly planned resort growth around Hurghada and Safaga degraded or destroyed many nearshore fringing reefs, and as of 2001 new developments were spreading farther south. Protection extends to all of Egypt's reefs in the Gulf of Aqaba and to the fringing reefs of 22 Red Sea islands, among them the remote Brothers, Daedalus, Zabargad, and Rocky. Spalding et al. (2001) estimate about 3,800 km² of coral reef for Egypt; Souter et al. (2021) give 13,605 km² for the Red Sea–Gulf of Aden region, 7,800 km² of it in the northern and central Red Sea.

Summarizing the 2004 status report, Wilkinson (2006) described Red Sea reefs as still in fairly good health, with little runoff or fishing pressure apart from shark removal, and with most 1998 bleaching damage reversed; shipping, poorly controlled tourism growth, bleaching, and crown-of-thorns starfish were the threats ahead. Souter et al. (2021) name tourism and coastal development as the main local causes of coral loss in the northern Red Sea. In their analysis, coral cover in the northern and central Red Sea dipped from 35% (1997) to 30% (2002) and then climbed slowly to 39% by 2019, while algal cover rose from 5.2% in 2010 to 11.5%. The region's only sampling units with more than 15 years of data lie on the Egyptian coast, where more frequent disturbances have produced a stepwise decline: half of those that lost at least a fifth of their coral had not regained 90% of it.

Overview

The Egypt unit covers eleven Red Sea sites (twelve dives) in two areas surveyed on 20-23 September 2024: Marsa Nakari (Nakari House Reef-South, Marsa Nakari-North, Habili El Ghadeer, and Om Halhala) and Wadi Lahami (Shabrour-north, Shabrour-south, Gazella Reef, Salah, Abu Galawa-small, Habili Daisy, and Habili Gazella). The settings range from low-relief house-reef slopes of coralline pavement, rubble, and sand at Marsa Nakari, to submerged pinnacles (Habili El Ghadeer, Habili Daisy, Habili Gazella), a sand plain studded with bommies at Shabrour-north, a coral ridge with canyon-like gaps at Gazella Reef, dense Porites-and-Acropora slopes at Om Halhala and Salah, and a steel shipwreck with scattered corals on its open ribs at Abu Galawa-small. Recorded depths ran from 13.4 m at Habili Gazella to 30.8 m on the Habili El Ghadeer pinnacle.

Published cover from photographic point counts ranged from 13% on the bioeroded, coralline-crusted plateau of Habili El Ghadeer to 28% at Salah, and algal cover was low everywhere (3.4% at Om Halhala to 7.9% at Habili El Ghadeer). The coral communities combine massive Porites, corymbose and staghorn Acropora, pocilloporids, Seriatopora hystrix, and faviids, with dead Millepora-type fire coral overgrown with algae among them. At Marsa Nakari, Reef Check stations 0.1-0.25 km from the two house-reef sites recorded 29% and 27% in 2025 (40% and 47% in 2024), a different method on what may be the same reef.

Every site was surveyed during a severe bleaching event at about 25.5-26.0 degree-heating-weeks, with a published dive temperature of 31.5°C at Marsa Nakari-North (Mayfield 2025, Environments 12:248, Appendix A). Bleached tissue ranged from 46% at Habili Gazella to 74% at Shabrour-north, and nearly all corals showed some degree of bleaching. Branching and massive corals were both affected (the fire coral at these sites was dead and overgrown with algae, which can make it look alive): at Om Halhala the Porites framework was bleached en masse while nearby Acropora thickets held color, and the corals on the Abu Galawa-small wreck were almost entirely white. Anderson's frames also record completed mortality at several sites, including dead Acropora, Seriatopora, Pocillopora, and fire coral. Shabrour-south, dived on consecutive days, returned nearly identical bleaching figures (63% and 64%), and on the second dive a thicket of vivid pale-blue branching coral there showed fluorescent (colorful) bleaching. One crown-of-thorns starfish was photographed beside a bleached colony at Shabrour-north; no disease lesions were resolved at any site, but red cyanobacterial mats were photographed overgrowing coral bommies at Gazella Reef and dead rock at Habili Daisy. Three sites carry a Coral Health Index (Nakari House Reef-South 2.00, Habili Gazella 2.00, and Gazella Reef 1.50; mean 1.83; scale of zero to five; higher is healthier). Sightings include an electric ray at Nakari House Reef-South, lionfish at Marsa Nakari-North and Gazella Reef, a stingray and a gray shark at Shabrour-north, trevally over Habili Gazella, and dense anthias and chromis on the pinnacles.

Highlights

Notable observations (11)

Coral cover over time (pooled)

One point per year: the mean of every hard coral cover value available for this region that year — Anderson’s own dives and every independent survey station within 5 km of them. The vertical bar is the full range behind that mean. Different programs use different methods at different stations, so this is a regional summary, not a single comparable series. Years resting on fewer than three values are drawn as smaller points. Non-CRD points are from Reef Check Foundation and MERMAID project “Egyptian Red Sea Initiative - Egypt”. Marker shape: Anderson’s own dives, other organizations’ surveys, a mix of both, that year.
0%17%34%51%68%2003201420262003: mean 43% of 3 values (range 39–49%)2004: mean 48% of 1 value2005: mean 42% of 5 values (range 23–61%)2006: mean 29% of 2 values (range 9.4–49%)2007: mean 30% of 4 values (range 11–47%)2009: mean 45% of 3 values (range 30–56%)2010: mean 36% of 2 values (range 35–37%)2011: mean 43% of 2 values (range 39–46%)2012: mean 45% of 5 values (range 30–53%)2013: mean 32% of 6 values (range 14–53%)2014: mean 32% of 5 values (range 4.4–52%)2015: mean 40% of 2 values (range 40–41%)2017: mean 53% of 1 value2018: mean 44% of 4 values (range 37–52%)2019: mean 59% of 1 value2022: mean 53% of 1 value2023: mean 43% of 2 values (range 41–44%)2024: mean 29% of 15 values (range 13–58%)2025: mean 28% of 2 values (range 27–29%)2026: mean 53% of 6 values (range 41–67%)
Sites in this region (11)

% coral cover by method

Pooled across 11 dive sites

MethodMean % coral coverStd. dev. between dive sitesn dive sitesNote
Published point count (CoralNet-assisted)22%±4.411—
CoralSCOP (SAM-based mask-sum), edited photos28%±3.27—
CoralSCOP (SAM-based mask-sum), unedited photos26%±3.011—
Claude (Anthropic), blind point count22%±4.311—
In-house DINOv3 point classifier46%±0.63—

The mean is an UNWEIGHTED mean of the dive site values — each dive site counts once, whatever its photo count — which is the convention of the published tables and of every other figure on this page. Each value is the one printed on that dive site's own page; a page that prints no value for a method (fewer than 10 photographs) is left out of that method's mean.

Closest to the reference

Over the dive sites where an independent reference exists, Claude (Anthropic), blind point count sits closest to it — a mean absolute deviation of 1.7 pp across 3 dive sites, then In-house DINOv3 point classifier 23.7 pp (n=3). Not in this ranking: CoralSCOP (unedited) and CoralSCOP (edited), which measure coral area rather than points. A mean absolute deviation is not an accuracy score: a model with a consistent offset is correctable, while one with the same deviation scattered in both directions is not.

By dive site

Dive sitePublished point countCoralSCOP (edited)CoralSCOP (unedited)ClaudeDINOv3
Shabrour-north (Wadi Lahami)24%
n=100
30%
n=74
28%
n=108
21%
n=92
45%
n=99
Gazella Reef (Wadi Lahami)17%
n=214
22%
n=208
22%
n=222
18%
n=204
46%
n=30
Shabrour-south (Wadi Lahami)25%
n=223
29%
n=129
27%
n=241
24%
n=221
—
Salah (Wadi Lahami)28%
n=218
—29%
n=231
28%
n=212
—
Abu Galawa-small (Wadi Lahami)21%
n=192
—23%
n=203
26%
n=188
—
Habili Daisy (Wadi Lahami)23%
n=52
too few photos
n=8
24%
n=58
18%
n=50
—
Habili Gazella (Wadi Lahami)18%
n=181
—22%
n=190
19%
n=176
—
Nakari House Reef-South (Marsa Nakari)25%
n=102
28%
n=107
26%
n=119
24%
n=103
46%
n=30
Habili El Ghadeer (Marsa Nakari)13%
n=161
24%
n=148
24%
n=168
16%
n=147
—
Om Halhala (Marsa Nakari)24%
n=216
30%
n=200
30%
n=221
29%
n=206
—
Marsa Nakari-North (Marsa Nakari)23%
n=195
29%
n=188
28%
n=205
23%
n=172
—
Wadi Lahami: published area value (Mayfield 2025, Table 4)22%
n=1,180
————
Marsa Nakari: published area value (Mayfield 2025, Table 4)21%
n=674
————

n under each value is the number of photographs that method scored at that dive site. ⚠ marks a cell that is not an independent check.

Reference: each dive site's own published CoralNet point count by the author, as its page prints it (CoralNet-assisted, on that site's photographs; Mayfield 2025, Environments 12:248). Denominator: coral points / (30 − water − fish points); unknown points stay in the denominator (Mayfield 2025 convention); diver points are excluded as well, per the Red Sea paper. Source: each member dive-site page. Each row is a member dive site, and every value is the one printed on that dive site's own page; the computer-vision values ran on that site's own photographs. No value here comes from computer vision run on an area's representative photographs. Rows labeled “published area value” are the published area values (Mayfield 2025, Environments 12:248, Table 4); each summarizes the same dives as the dive-site rows beside it, so none is in any mean on this page.

Nearby external survey stations

92 independent survey records within 5 km of a site in this region (each record counted once; 61 lines, and a line that pools several records says how many).

Show all 92 records

All images from Coral Reef Diagnostics. Data are from Coral Reef Diagnostics and Reef Check Foundation.

© Coral Reef Diagnostics.

References