Regional summary of 11 dive sites. Figures are averages across the sites that report them (n = sites with a value); each site's own page has its individual values. Part of the Red Sea overview.
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Eleven Red Sea reef slopes, pinnacles, and a coral-covered shipwreck at Marsa Nakari and Wadi Lahami were dived in September 2024, in the middle of a severe bleaching event. Nearly all corals showed some bleaching, with bleached tissue ranging from 45.5% to 73.8% across sites.
Long-term record: 11 years since 1985 reached 8 or more °C-weeks at NOAA’s Egypt station. Download the annual DHW data (CSV).
11 sites in this region โ click a marker to open that site.
The Red Sea is geologically a young ocean, a basaltic spreading rift that has been pulling Africa and Arabia apart for some 70 million years. Its shallow link to the Indian Ocean has closed many times, most recently during the Pleistocene, and many of today's reefs are thin modern veneers over older Pleistocene reefs (Spalding et al. 2001). Together with the Gulf of Aden, the Red Sea may be the most biologically diverse reef area outside Southeast Asia, with many endemic species. South of the Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba, both shores of the northern Red Sea are lined with fringing reefs that run unbroken for tens of kilometers, usually with narrow reef flats. Live coral cover reached 60โ80% on many northern reef slopes, and no bleached reefs were seen in this part of the Red Sea in 1998. Egypt's coast has been reshaped by tourism since the 1980s; poorly planned resort growth around Hurghada and Safaga degraded or destroyed many nearshore fringing reefs, and as of 2001 new developments were spreading farther south. Protection extends to all of Egypt's reefs in the Gulf of Aqaba and to the fringing reefs of 22 Red Sea islands, among them the remote Brothers, Daedalus, Zabargad, and Rocky. Spalding et al. (2001) estimate about 3,800 kmยฒ of coral reef for Egypt; Souter et al. (2021) give 13,605 kmยฒ for the Red SeaโGulf of Aden region, 7,800 kmยฒ of it in the northern and central Red Sea.
Summarizing the 2004 status report, Wilkinson (2006) described Red Sea reefs as still in fairly good health, with little runoff or fishing pressure apart from shark removal, and with most 1998 bleaching damage reversed; shipping, poorly controlled tourism growth, bleaching, and crown-of-thorns starfish were the threats ahead. Souter et al. (2021) name tourism and coastal development as the main local causes of coral loss in the northern Red Sea. In their analysis, coral cover in the northern and central Red Sea dipped from 35.2% (1997) to 29.7% (2002) and then climbed slowly to 39.1% by 2019, while algal cover rose from 5.2% in 2010 to 11.5%. The region's only sampling units with more than 15 years of data lie on the Egyptian coast, where more frequent disturbances have produced a stepwise decline: half of those that lost at least a fifth of their coral had not regained 90% of it.
The Egypt unit covers eleven Red Sea dives in two areas surveyed on 20-23 September 2024: Marsa Nakari (Nakari House Reef-South, Marsa Nakari-North, Habili El Ghadeer, and Om Halhala) and Wadi Lahami (Shabrour-north, Shabrour-south, Gazella Reef, Salah, Abu Galawa-small, Habili Daisy, and Habili Gazella). The settings range from low-relief house-reef slopes of coralline pavement, rubble and sand at Marsa Nakari, to submerged pinnacles (Habili El Ghadeer, Habili Daisy, Habili Gazella), a sand plain studded with bommies at Shabrour-north, a coral ridge with canyon-like gaps at Gazella Reef, dense Porites-and-Acropora slopes at Om Halhala and Salah, and a heavily coral-colonized steel shipwreck at Abu Galawa-small. Recorded depths ran from 15.8 m at Gazella Reef to 30.8 m on the Habili El Ghadeer pinnacle; Nakari House Reef-South and Habili Gazella have no depth.
Published cover from photographic point counts ranged from 13.2% on the bioeroded, coralline-crusted plateau of Habili El Ghadeer to 28.1% at Salah, and algal cover was low everywhere (3.4% at Om Halhala to 7.9% at Habili El Ghadeer). The coral communities combine massive Porites, corymbose and staghorn Acropora, pocilloporids, Seriatopora hystrix, faviids, and Millepora-type fire coral, with electric-blue Acropora at Gazella Reef and Shabrour-south. At Marsa Nakari, Reef Check stations 0.1-0.25 km from the two house-reef pins recorded 37.2% and 39.4% in 2024, a different method on what may be the same reef.
Every site was surveyed during a severe bleaching event at about 21.8-21.9 degree-heating-weeks, and Anderson's dive computer read 31ยฐC at Marsa Nakari-North. Bleached tissue ranged from 45.5% at Habili Gazella to 73.8% at Shabrour-north, and nearly all corals showed some degree of bleaching. Branching, massive and fire corals were all affected: at Om Halhala the Porites framework was bleached en masse while nearby Acropora thickets held color, and the corals on the Abu Galawa-small wreck were almost entirely white. Captioned frames also record completed mortality at several sites, including dead Acropora, Seriatopora, Pocillopora, and fire coral. Shabrour-south, dived on consecutive days, returned nearly identical bleaching figures (62.7% and 63.7%). No crown-of-thorns starfish or disease lesions were resolved at any site. Habili Gazella carries the unit's only Coral Health Index, 2.00, below the 2.5 average. Sightings include an electric ray at Nakari House Reef-South, lionfish, a stingray and a gray shark at Shabrour-north, trevally over Habili Gazella, and dense anthias and chromis on the pinnacles.
ูุฐู ุชุฑุฌู ุฉ ุขููุฉ ููู ูุฎุต ุงูุฅูุฌููุฒูุ ูุงููุต ุงูุฅูุฌููุฒู ูู ุงููุณุฎุฉ ุงูู ุนุชู ุฏุฉ. AI translation of this summary; the English is authoritative.
ุงูุจุญุฑ ุงูุฃุญู ุฑ ู ุญูุท ูุชูู ู ู ุงููุงุญูุฉ ุงูุฌููููุฌูุฉุ ููู ุตุฏุน ุจุงุฒูุชู ู ุชุจุงุนุฏ ู ุง ุฒุงู ูุจุงุนุฏ ุจูู ุฃูุฑูููุง ูุดุจู ุงูุฌุฒูุฑุฉ ุงูุนุฑุจูุฉ ู ูุฐ ูุญู 70 ู ูููู ุณูุฉ. ููุฏ ุงููุทุน ุงุชุตุงูู ุงูุถุญู ุจุงูู ุญูุท ุงูููุฏู ู ุฑุงุช ุนุฏูุฏุฉุ ุขุฎุฑูุง ุฎูุงู ุนุตุฑ ุงูุจููุณุชูุณููุ ููุซูุฑ ู ู ุงูุดุนุงุจ ุงูุญุงููุฉ ููุณุช ุณูู ุฃุบุทูุฉ ุญุฏูุซุฉ ุฑูููุฉ ููู ุดุนุงุจ ุฃูุฏู ุชุนูุฏ ุฅูู ุงูุจููุณุชูุณูู (Spalding et al. 2001). ููุฏ ูููู ุงูุจุญุฑ ุงูุฃุญู ุฑุ ู ุน ุฎููุฌ ุนุฏูุ ุฃูุซุฑ ู ูุงุทู ุงูุดุนุงุจ ุชููุนูุง ุญููููุง ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุฌููุจ ุดุฑู ุขุณูุงุ ูููู ุฃููุงุน ู ุณุชูุทูุฉ ูุซูุฑุฉ. ูุฌููุจ ุฎููุฌูู ุงูุณููุณ (Gulf of Suez) ูุงูุนูุจุฉ (Gulf of Aqaba)ุ ุชุตุทู ุนูู ุถูุชู ุดู ุงู ุงูุจุญุฑ ุงูุฃุญู ุฑ ุดุนุงุจ ูุฏุจูุฉ ุชู ุชุฏ ุฏูู ุงููุทุงุน ูุนุดุฑุงุช ุงูููููู ุชุฑุงุชุ ูุนุงุฏุฉู ู ุง ุชููู ู ุณุทุญุงุชูุง ุงูุดุนุงุจูุฉ ุถููุฉ. ูุจูุบุช ุชุบุทูุฉ ุงูู ุฑุฌุงู ุงูุญู 60โ80% ุนูู ูุซูุฑ ู ู ู ูุญุฏุฑุงุช ุงูุดุนุงุจ ุงูุดู ุงููุฉุ ููู ุชูุดุงููุฏ ุฃู ุดุนุงุจ ู ุจูุถูุฉ ูู ูุฐุง ุงูุฌุฒุก ู ู ุงูุจุญุฑ ุงูุฃุญู ุฑ ุนุงู 1998. ููุฏ ุฃุนุงุฏุช ุงูุณูุงุญุฉ ุชุดููู ุณุงุญู ู ุตุฑ ู ูุฐ ุงูุซู ุงููููุงุช (1980s)ุ ุฅุฐ ุฃุฏูู ุงููู ู ุบูุฑ ุงูู ุฎุทุท ุฌูุฏูุง ููู ูุชุฌุนุงุช ุญูู ุงูุบุฑุฏูุฉ (Hurghada) ูุณูุงุฌุง (Safaga) ุฅูู ุชุฏููุฑ ุฃู ุชุฏู ูุฑ ูุซูุฑ ู ู ุงูุดุนุงุจ ุงููุฏุจูุฉ ุงููุฑูุจุฉ ู ู ุงูุดุงุทุฆุ ูุญุชู ุนุงู 2001 ูุงูุช ู ุดุงุฑูุน ุงูุชุทููุฑ ุงูุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ุชู ุชุฏ ุฃุจุนุฏ ูุญู ุงูุฌููุจ. ูุชุดู ู ุงูุญู ุงูุฉ ุฌู ูุน ุดุนุงุจ ู ุตุฑ ูู ุฎููุฌ ุงูุนูุจุฉ ูุงูุดุนุงุจ ุงููุฏุจูุฉ ุงูู ุญูุทุฉ ุจู22 ุฌุฒูุฑุฉ ูู ุงูุจุญุฑ ุงูุฃุญู ุฑุ ูู ููุง ุงูุฌุฒุฑ ุงููุงุฆูุฉ: ุงูุฃุฎููู (Brothers)ุ ูุฏูุฏุงููุณ (Daedalus)ุ ูุงูุฒุจุฑุฌุฏ (Zabargad)ุ ูุฑููู (Rocky). ูููุฏูุฑ Spalding et al. (2001) ู ุณุงุญุฉ ุงูุดุนุงุจ ุงูู ุฑุฌุงููุฉ ูู ู ุตุฑ ุจูุญู 3,800 kmยฒุ ูู ุญูู ูุนุทู Souter et al. (2021) ุฑูู 13,605 kmยฒ ูู ูุทูุฉ ุงูุจุญุฑ ุงูุฃุญู ุฑ ูุฎููุฌ ุนุฏูุ ู ููุง 7,800 kmยฒ ูู ุดู ุงู ููุณุท ุงูุจุญุฑ ุงูุฃุญู ุฑ.
ููู ู ุนุฑุถ ุชูุฎูุตู ูุชูุฑูุฑ ุงูุญุงูุฉ ูุนุงู 2004ุ ูุตู Wilkinson (2006) ุดุนุงุจ ุงูุจุญุฑ ุงูุฃุญู ุฑ ุจุฃููุง ูุง ุชุฒุงู ูู ุญุงูุฉ ุตุญูุฉ ุฌูุฏุฉ ุฅูู ุญุฏ ู ุงุ ู ุน ูููู ู ู ุงูุฌุฑูุงู ุงูุณุทุญู ุฃู ุถุบุท ุงูุตูุฏ ุจุงุณุชุซูุงุก ุตูุฏ ุฃุณู ุงู ุงููุฑุดุ ูู ุน ุงูุนูุงุณ ู ุนุธู ุฃุถุฑุงุฑ ุงุจูุถุงุถ ุนุงู 1998ุ ููุงูุช ุงูู ูุงุญุฉ ุงูุจุญุฑูุฉุ ููู ู ุงูุณูุงุญุฉ ุบูุฑ ุงูู ูุถุจุทุ ูุงูุงุจูุถุงุถุ ููุฌู ุงูุจุญุฑ ุฐู ุงูุชุงุฌ ุงูุดููู ูู ุงูุชูุฏูุฏุงุช ุงูู ูุจูุฉ. ููุฐูุฑ Souter et al. (2021) ุงูุณูุงุญุฉ ูุงูุชุทููุฑ ุงูุณุงุญูู ุจูุตููู ุง ุงูุณุจุจูู ุงูู ุญูููู ุงูุฑุฆูุณููู ูููุฏุงู ุงูู ุฑุฌุงู ูู ุดู ุงู ุงูุจุญุฑ ุงูุฃุญู ุฑ. ููู ุชุญููููู ุ ุงูุฎูุถุช ุงูุชุบุทูุฉ ุงูู ุฑุฌุงููุฉ ูู ุดู ุงู ููุณุท ุงูุจุญุฑ ุงูุฃุญู ุฑ ู ู 35.2% (1997) ุฅูู 29.7% (2002)ุ ุซู ุงุฑุชูุนุช ุจุจุทุก ุฅูู 39.1% ุจุญููู ุนุงู 2019ุ ุจููู ุง ุงุฑุชูุนุช ุงูุชุบุทูุฉ ุงูุทุญูุจูุฉ ู ู 5.2% ุนุงู 2010 ุฅูู 11.5%. ููุญุฏุงุช ุฃุฎุฐ ุงูุนููุงุช ุงููุญูุฏุฉ ูู ุงูู ูุทูุฉ ุงูุชู ุชุชููุฑ ููุง ุจูุงูุงุช ูุฃูุซุฑ ู ู 15 ุนุงู ูุง ุชูุน ุนูู ุงูุณุงุญู ุงูู ุตุฑูุ ุญูุซ ุฃุฏูุช ุงูุงุถุทุฑุงุจุงุช ุงูุฃูุซุฑ ุชูุงุชุฑูุง ุฅูู ุชุฑุงุฌุน ุชุฏุฑูุฌู ุนูู ู ุฑุงุญู: ููุตู ุงููุญุฏุงุช ุงูุชู ููุฏุช ุฎูู ุณ ู ุฑุฌุงููุง ุนูู ุงูุฃูู ูู ุชุณุชุนุฏ 90% ู ูู.
ุชุบุทู ูุญุฏุฉ ู ุตุฑ ุฅุญุฏู ุนุดุฑุฉ ุบุทุณุฉ ูู ุงูุจุญุฑ ุงูุฃุญู ุฑ ูู ู ูุทูุชูู ุฌุฑู ู ุณุญูู ุง ูู 20-23 ุณุจุชู ุจุฑ 2024: ู ุฑุณู ููุงุฑู (Marsa Nakari)ุ ูุชุถู Nakari House Reef-South ูMarsa Nakari-North ูHabili El Ghadeer ูOm Halhalaุ ููุงุฏู ูุญู ู (Wadi Lahami)ุ ููุถู Shabrour-north ูShabrour-south ูGazella Reef ูSalah ูAbu Galawa-small ูHabili Daisy ูHabili Gazella. ูุชุชุฑุงูุญ ุงูุจูุฆุงุช ุจูู ู ูุญุฏุฑุงุช ู ูุฎูุถุฉ ุงูุชุถุงุฑูุณ ูุดุนุงุจ ุงูุดุงุทุฆ ู ู ุฑุตูู ุชูุณูู ุงูุทุญุงูุจ ุงูู ุฑุฌุงููุฉ ุงูููุณูุฉ ูุงูุฑูุงู ูุงูุฑู ู ูู ู ุฑุณู ููุงุฑูุ ูุงููู ู ุงูู ุบู ูุฑุฉ (Habili El Ghadeer ูHabili Daisy ูHabili Gazella)ุ ูุณูู ุฑู ูู ู ุฑุตูุน ุจุงููุชู ุงูู ุฑุฌุงููุฉ ุงูู ูุนุฒูุฉ ูู Shabrour-northุ ูุญุงูุฉ ู ุฑุฌุงููุฉ ุฐุงุช ูุฌูุงุช ุชุดุจู ุงููุฏูุงู ูู Gazella Reefุ ูู ูุญุฏุฑุงุช ูุซููุฉ ู ู Porites ูAcropora ูู Om Halhala ูSalahุ ูุญุทุงู ุณูููุฉ ูููุงุฐูุฉ ุงุณุชุนู ุฑูุง ุงูู ุฑุฌุงู ุจูุซุงูุฉ ูู Abu Galawa-small.
ุชุฑุงูุญุช ุงูุชุบุทูุฉ ุงูู ูุดูุฑุฉ ุงูู ุณุชูุฏุฉ ุฅูู ุนุฏู ุงูููุงุท ูู ุงูุตูุฑ ุจูู 13.2% ุนูู ุงููุถุจุฉ ุงูู ุชุขููุฉ ุญููููุง ูุงูู ูุณููุฉ ุจูุดูุฑ ุงูุทุญุงูุจ ุงูู ุฑุฌุงููุฉ ุงูููุณูุฉ ูู Habili El Ghadeer ู28.1% ูู Salahุ ููุงูุช ุงูุชุบุทูุฉ ุงูุทุญูุจูุฉ ู ูุฎูุถุฉ ูู ูู ู ูุงู (3.4-7.9%). ูุชุฌู ุน ุงูู ุฌุชู ุนุงุช ุงูู ุฑุฌุงููุฉ ุจูู Porites ุงููุชููุฉุ ูAcropora ุงูุนูููุฏูุฉ ููุฑู ุงูุฃููุ ูุงูุจูุณูููุจูุฑูุฏุงุช (pocilloporids)ุ ูSeriatopora hystrixุ ูุงููุงููุฏุงุช (faviids)ุ ูุงูู ุฑุฌุงู ุงููุงุฑู ู ู ููุน Milleporaุ ู ุน Acropora ุจููู ุฃุฒุฑู ููุฑุจุงุฆู ูู Gazella Reef ูShabrour-south. ููู ู ุฑุณู ููุงุฑูุ ุณุฌููุช ู ุญุทุงุช Reef Check ุงููุงูุนุฉ ุนูู ุจุนุฏ 0.1-0.25 km ู ู ุนูุงู ุชูู ุดุนุงุจ ุงูุดุงุทุฆ ูุณุจุชู 37.2% ู39.4% ุนุงู 2024ุ ูุฐูู ุจุทุฑููุฉ ู ุฎุชููุฉ ูุนูู ู ุง ูุฏ ูููู ุงูุดุนุงุจ ููุณูุง.
ุฌุฑู ู ุณุญ ูู ู ููุน ุฎูุงู ุญุฏุซ ุงุจูุถุงุถ ุดุฏูุฏ ุนูุฏ ูุญู 21.8-21.9 ู ู ุฃุณุงุจูุน ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุงูุชุณุฎููุ ูุณุฌูู ุญุงุณูุจ ุงูุบูุต ูุฏู Anderson 31ยฐC ูู Marsa Nakari-North. ูุชุฑุงูุญ ุงููุณูุฌ ุงูู ุจูุถู ุจูู 45.5% ูู Habili Gazella ู73.8% ูู Shabrour-northุ ูุฃุธูุฑุช ุงูู ุฑุฌุงููุงุช ูููุง ุชูุฑูุจูุง ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู ุง ู ู ุงูุงุจูุถุงุถ. ูุชุฃุซุฑุช ุงูู ุฑุฌุงููุงุช ุงูู ุชูุฑุนุฉ ูุงููุชููุฉ ูุงููุงุฑูุฉ ุฌู ูุนูุง: ููู Om Halhala ุงุจูุถู ูููู Porites ุจุดูู ุฌู ุงุนู ุจููู ุง ุงุญุชูุธุช ุฃุฌู ุงุช Acropora ุงููุฑูุจุฉ ุจููููุงุ ููุงูุช ุงูู ุฑุฌุงููุงุช ุนูู ุญุทุงู Abu Galawa-small ุจูุถุงุก ุจุงููุงู ู ุชูุฑูุจูุง. ูู ุง ุชูุซูู ุงูุตูุฑ ุงูู ุดุฑูุญุฉ ูููููุง ู ูุชู ููุง ูู ุนุฏุฉ ู ูุงูุนุ ุจู ุง ูู ุฐูู Acropora ูSeriatopora ูPocillopora ูู ุฑุฌุงู ูุงุฑู ู ูุช. ูุฃุนุทุช Shabrour-southุ ุงูุชู ุฌุฑู ุงูุบูุต ูููุง ูู ููู ูู ู ุชุชุงููููุ ุฃุฑูุงู ุงุจูุถุงุถ ู ุชุทุงุจูุฉ ุชูุฑูุจูุง (62.7% ู63.7%). ููู ููุชุจูููู ุฃู ูุฌู ุจุญุฑ ุฐู ุชุงุฌ ุดููู ุฃู ุขูุงุช ู ุฑุถูุฉ ูู ุฃู ู ููุน. ูู ู ุงูู ุดุงูุฏุงุช ุณู ูุฉ ุฑุนูุงุฏ ูู Nakari House Reef-Southุ ูุฃุณู ุงู ุงูุฃุณุฏุ ูุณู ูุฉ ูุฎู ุฉ ูุงุณุนุฉุ ููุฑุด ุฑู ุงุฏู ูู Shabrour-northุ ูุฃุณู ุงู ุงูุฌุด ููู Habili Gazellaุ ูุฃุนุฏุงุฏ ูุซููุฉ ู ู ุฃุณู ุงู ุงูุฃูุซูุงุณ ูุงููุฑูู ูุณ ุนูู ุงููู ู .
| Method | Mean % coral cover | Std. dev. between published areas | n published areas | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manual point count (author) | 21.8% | ยฑ0.5 | 2 | frame-weighted 21.8% over 1,854 frames |
| Claude (Anthropic), blind point count | 27.9% | ยฑ0.2 | 2 | frame-weighted 27.9% over 159 frames |
| In-house DINOv3 point classifier | 41.2% | ยฑ0.8 | 2 | frame-weighted 40.8% over 159 frames |
The mean is an UNWEIGHTED mean of the published area values โ each published area counts once, whatever its photo count โ which is the convention of the published tables and of every other figure on this page. The frame-weighted alternative is given per method in the Note column; where the two differ, the difference is a photo-count imbalance, not a coral-cover finding.
Over the published areas where an independent reference exists, Claude (Anthropic), blind point count sits closest to it โ a mean absolute deviation of 6.1 pp across 2 published areas, then In-house DINOv3 point classifier 19.4 pp (n=2). A mean absolute deviation is not an accuracy score: a model with a consistent offset is correctable, while one with the same deviation scattered in both directions is not.
| Published area | Manual point count | Claude | DINOv3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wadi Lahami | 22.1% n=1,180 | 28.0% n=129 | 40.6% n=129 |
| Marsa Nakari | 21.4% n=674 | 27.7% n=30 | 41.8% n=30 |
n under each value is the number of photographs that method scored at that published area. โ marks a cell that is not an independent check.
Reference: point-count on the photographs (a human scoring the same pixels the models see). Denominator: coral points / (30 โ WATER โ FISH); `Unk` is IN the denominator (Mayfield 2025 convention); divers (`DVR`) are excluded as well, per the Red Sea paper. Source: published verbatim (Mayfield 2025, Environments 12:248, Table 4) โ These rows are REGIONS, not dive sites โ the published paper reports cover by region only. โ The manual column and the computer vision (CV) columns are on DIFFERENT FRAME SETS: the published cover spans 674โ1,180 frames, the CV arms ran on the 30- and 129-frame hand-scored reference subsets. CoralNet is n/a by design: the reference set IS the hand-scored set. DINOv3 is restricted to frames it never saw.
62 independent survey records within 5 km of a site in this region (deduplicated across sites).
All images from Coral Reef Diagnostics. Data are from Coral Reef Diagnostics and Reef Check Foundation.
© Coral Reef Diagnostics.