Regional summary of 7 dive sites. Figures are averages across the sites that report them (n = sites with a value); each site's own page has its individual values. Part of the Philippines overview.
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Anilao and Verde Island Passage sites, dived in 2016, range from a pinnacle and boulder complexes to a managed sanctuary with a giant clam garden, with soft corals, sponges, and gorgonians as prominent as hard corals. No site-wide bleaching was seen, only localized white colonies.
Long-term record: 10 years from 1985 through 2025 reached 8 or more °C-weeks at NOAA’s Central Philippines station. Download the annual DHW data (CSV).
7 sites in this region — click a marker to open that site.
Spalding et al. (2001) place the Philippines, with Indonesia, at the center of global coral reef biodiversity and estimate the country's reef area at 25,060 km², with 421 coral species recorded and 577 estimated for its biogeographic region. Around Luzon, they found reefs far from continuous. None are recorded in the far northwest, and the first fringing reefs on that coast are at the Hundred Islands in the Lingayen Gulf, where much of the reef was reported lost to blast fishing. Ash and mudflows from the Mount Pinatubo eruption cut live coral cover on the closest fringing reefs from 60-70% to 10-20%. For southern Luzon, Mindoro, and Marinduque, published information was sparse, although discontinuous fringing reefs occur in many places, notably at Puerto Galera on Mindoro. Their protected-area list includes the Puerto Galera Biosphere Reserve (235.45 km², 1977) and a marine reserve and tourist zone at a site named Sombrero Island (1977). The same account rated 97% of the country's reefs as at risk from human activity. Souter et al. (2021) place the Philippines in the East Asian Seas region, which holds 78,272 km² of reef, just over 30% of the world total.
Wilkinson (2006) reported that, as of 2004, Philippine reefs were among those in Southeast Asia still in decline. The chief pressures Wilkinson listed were overfishing and destructive fishing, land-based pollution, sediment from coastal development, dredging, and deforestation, and the reclamation of reef areas for industry, airports, and marinas; the same review found that only 10-20% of the region's more than 630 marine protected areas were effectively managed. Across the East Asian Seas, Souter et al. (2021) estimate a relative loss of almost 11% of hard coral between 2005-2009 and 2015-2019, which they link to the 2010 and 2016 mass bleaching events.
The seven Luzon sites were dived on 30 September and 1 October 2016, four around Anilao and three in the Verde Island Passage. They cover a wide range of settings: a moderate-relief rocky slope of spurs and boulder faces at Ligpo Island, a managed marine sanctuary with a giant clam restocking garden at Dive and Trek, a largely man-made house reef at Monte Carlo Hotel, a silty muck flat dived at night at the Anilao Scuba Dive Center house reef, the pinnacle of Kirby's Rock, the submerged boulder complex of Beatriz Island, and the reef at Sombrero Island. Logged maximum depths ran from 12.8 m on the night dive to 28 m at Kirby's Rock.
Soft corals, sponges, and gorgonians are as prominent as stony corals across much of the group. Ligpo Island carries dense Dendronephthya, Sarcophyton, and pulsing Xenia fields among barrel sponges, and Beatriz is defined by very large barrel sponges, black coral bushes, and gorgonian fans. Where hard coral dominates, the community is varied: tabular and plating Acropora, foliose Montipora, large scroll Turbinaria, and massive Porites at Ligpo; near-continuous plating and foliose corals on the deeper slope at Monte Carlo, above a zone of free-living mushroom corals; Porites domes over a meter across on the shoulder of Kirby's Rock; and enormous tabular Acropora plates meters across with columnar Porites at Sombrero Island.
Blind Claude computer-vision point counts put coral cover between 4.6% at Beatriz Island and 29% at Monte Carlo Hotel (the Beatriz Island and Sombrero Island values include unedited photographs); no figure applies to the night dive, which was over sediment rather than reef. Bleaching was recorded at three Anilao sites and at Sombrero Island: patchy bleaching at Dive and Trek (partly bleached branching Acropora thickets, a stand of stark-white branching Acropora, a bleached mound-shaped colony, a bleached fine-branching colony, and a partly bleached host anemone); a bleached sea fan, a stark-white branching colony, and a partly bleached host anemone at Ligpo Island; at least four bleached fine-branching colonies at Monte Carlo; and at Sombrero Island the far half of one big table pale (partial bleaching) and a lobed massive colony and its neighbor with stark-white patches on the tops of the majority of knobs. At Kirby's Rock one large massive colony carries a pale, sharply bordered patch of uncertain cause (possibly disease or partial bleaching). Old mortality, rubble, and turf form the background on deeper flanks, and the Monte Carlo shallows were mostly rubble and turf-covered pavement.
Notable sightings include green turtles foraging over the Monte Carlo rubble, banded sea kraits and dorid nudibranchs on the night dive, dense anthias clouds and snapper and fusilier schools at Kirby's Rock, a cushion star (a corallivore) among the soft corals at Ligpo Island, a white barrel sponge, possibly bleached, beside a tan one at Beatriz, and a school of striped eel catfish at Beatriz, where Anderson's filenames record a probable Bargibant's pygmy seahorse on a gorgonian.
Ito ay machine translation (salin ng makina) ng buod sa Ingles; ang tekstong Ingles ang may-awtoridad na bersyon. AI translation of this summary; the English is authoritative.
Inilalagay ni Spalding et al. (2001) ang Pilipinas, kasama ang Indonesia, sa sentro ng pandaigdigang biodiversity ng mga bahura, at tinataya nila ang lawak ng bahura ng bansa sa 25,060 km², na may 421 uri ng korales na naitala at 577 na tinataya para sa biogeographic na rehiyon nito. Sa paligid ng Luzon, natagpuan nilang malayo sa tuloy-tuloy ang mga bahura. Walang naitala sa dulong hilagang-kanluran, at ang unang fringing reef sa baybaying iyon ay nasa Hundred Islands sa Lingayen Gulf, kung saan iniulat na malaking bahagi ng bahura ang nawala dahil sa dinamita. Ang abo at lahar mula sa pagputok ng Bundok Pinatubo ay nagpababa sa takip ng buhay na korales sa pinakamalapit na fringing reef mula 60-70% hanggang 10-20%. Para sa timog Luzon, Mindoro, at Marinduque, kaunti ang nailathalang impormasyon, bagaman may mga putol-putol na fringing reef sa maraming lugar, lalo na sa Puerto Galera sa Mindoro. Kasama sa kanilang listahan ng protektadong lugar ang Puerto Galera Biosphere Reserve (235.45 km², 1977) at isang marine reserve at tourist zone sa lugar na tinatawag na Sombrero Island (1977). Sa parehong ulat, 97% ng mga bahura ng bansa ang itinuring na nanganganib dahil sa gawain ng tao. Inilalagay ni Souter et al. (2021) ang Pilipinas sa rehiyon ng East Asian Seas, na may 78,272 km² na bahura, bahagyang higit sa 30% ng kabuuan ng mundo.
Iniulat ni Wilkinson (2006) na, noong 2004, ang mga bahura ng Pilipinas ay kabilang sa mga nasa Timog-Silangang Asya na patuloy na bumababa. Ang pangunahing presyon na kanyang inilista ay ang labis at mapanirang pangingisda, polusyon mula sa lupa, latak mula sa pagpapaunlad ng baybayin, dredging, at pagkakalbo ng kagubatan, at ang pagtatambak sa mga bahura para sa industriya, paliparan, at marina; natuklasan din niyang 10-20% lamang ng mahigit 630 marine protected area ng rehiyon ang epektibong pinamamahalaan. Sa buong East Asian Seas, tinataya ni Souter et al. (2021) ang relatibong pagkawala ng halos 11% ng matigas na korales mula 2005-2009 hanggang 2015-2019, na iniuugnay nila sa malawakang pagpuputi ng korales noong 2010 at 2016.
Ang pitong lokasyon sa Luzon ay sinisid noong 30 Setyembre at 1 Oktubre 2016, apat sa paligid ng Anilao at tatlo sa Verde Island Passage. Sakop nito ang iba't ibang kapaligiran: isang mabatong dalisdis na may katamtamang relyebe ng mga spur at mukha ng malalaking bato sa Ligpo Island, isang pinamamahalaang marine sanctuary na may hardin ng muling pagpaparami ng taklobo sa Dive and Trek, isang house reef na halos gawa ng tao sa Monte Carlo Hotel, isang maputik na muck flat na sinisid sa gabi sa house reef ng Anilao Scuba Dive Center, ang pinnacle ng Kirby's Rock, ang lubog na kumpol ng malalaking bato ng Beatriz Island, at ang bahura sa Sombrero Island. Ang pinakamalalim na naitala sa log ay mula 12.8 m sa night dive hanggang 28 m sa Kirby's Rock.
Ang malalambot na korales, espongha, at gorgonian ay kasing-kilala ng matitigas na korales sa malaking bahagi ng grupo. Ang Ligpo Island ay may siksik na Dendronephthya, Sarcophyton, at pumipintig na Xenia sa gitna ng mga barrel sponge, at ang Beatriz ay kilala sa napakalalaking barrel sponge, palumpong ng itim na korales, at pamaypay na gorgonian. Kung saan nangingibabaw ang matigas na korales, iba-iba ang komunidad: tabular at plating na Acropora, foliose na Montipora, malalaking scroll na Turbinaria, at massive na Porites sa Ligpo; halos tuloy-tuloy na plating at foliose na korales sa mas malalim na dalisdis ng Monte Carlo, sa itaas ng sona ng malayang mushroom coral; mga dome ng Porites na higit sa isang metro ang lapad sa balikat ng Kirby's Rock; at napakalalaking tabular na plato ng Acropora na ilang metro ang lapad kasama ang columnar na Porites sa Sombrero Island.
Inilalagay ng blind na Claude computer-vision point count ang takip ng korales sa pagitan ng 4.6% sa Beatriz Island at 29% sa Monte Carlo Hotel (kasama sa mga halaga para sa Beatriz Island at Sombrero Island ang mga hindi na-edit na larawan); walang halagang naaangkop sa night dive, na nasa ibabaw ng latak at hindi ng bahura. Naitala ang pagpuputi sa tatlong lokasyon sa Anilao at sa Sombrero Island: tagpi-tagping pagpuputi sa Dive and Trek (bahagyang pumuting kumpol ng branching na Acropora, isang kumpol ng sobrang puting branching na Acropora, isang pumuting kolonyang hugis-bunton, isang pumuting kolonyang pino ang sanga, at isang bahagyang pumuting host anemone); isang pumuting sea fan, isang sobrang puting branching na kolonya, at isang bahagyang pumuting host anemone sa Ligpo Island; hindi bababa sa apat na pumuting kolonyang pino ang sanga sa Monte Carlo; at sa Sombrero Island, maputla ang malayong kalahati ng isang malaking table (bahagyang pagpuputi) at may sobrang puting tagpi sa ibabaw ng karamihan ng umbok ng isang lobed na massive na kolonya at ng katabi nito. Sa Kirby's Rock, may isang malaking massive na kolonya na may maputla at matalas ang hangganang tagpi na hindi tiyak ang sanhi (posibleng sakit o bahagyang pagpuputi). Ang lumang pagkamatay, durog na korales, at turf ang nasa likuran sa mas malalalim na gilid, at ang mababaw na bahagi ng Monte Carlo ay karamihang durog na korales at pavement na natatakpan ng turf.
Kabilang sa mga kapansin-pansing nakita ang mga berdeng pawikan na naghahanap ng pagkain sa ibabaw ng durog na korales ng Monte Carlo, mga banded sea krait at dorid nudibranch sa night dive, makakapal na ulap ng anthias at kawan ng maya-maya at dalagang-bukid sa Kirby's Rock, isang cushion star (kumakain ng korales) sa gitna ng malalambot na korales sa Ligpo Island, isang puting barrel sponge, posibleng pumuti, sa tabi ng kulay-kayumangging isa sa Beatriz, at isang kawan ng striped eel catfish sa Beatriz, kung saan itinatala ng mga pangalan ng file ni Anderson ang malamang na Bargibant's pygmy seahorse sa isang gorgonian.
† Includes unedited photographs: edited versions of most of this dive's photos do not exist.
25 independent survey records within 5 km of a site in this region (each record counted once; 19 lines, and a line that pools several records says how many).
All images from Coral Reef Diagnostics. Data are from Coral Reef Diagnostics and Reef Check Foundation.
© Coral Reef Diagnostics.