Regional summary of 7 dive sites. Figures are averages across the sites that report them (n = sites with a value); each site's own page has its individual values. Part of the Indonesia - Maluku overview.
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Banda's steep walls, draped in sponges, sea fans, and soft corals, rise to shallow terraces carpeted in Acropora or leather corals, dived in April 2018. On Gunung Api's 1988 lava flow, plate corals now cover the old lava channel almost completely, though localized bleaching was photographed there.
Long-term record: 9 years from 1985 through 2025 reached 8 or more °C-weeks at NOAA’s Maluku, Indonesia station. Download the annual DHW data (CSV).
7 sites in this region — click a marker to open that site.
In their Indonesia chapter, Spalding et al. (2001) use the Banda Sea mainly as a boundary. A chain of small archipelagos running from Timor east to the Aru Islands traces its southern margin, within a deep-water sub-region (the Moluccas and Irian Jaya) where islands a few tens of kilometers apart can be divided by more than 1,000 m of mostly clear, oceanic water. They add that the western Banda Sea holds many smaller atolls. Their protected-area list includes two sites named for Banda: the Taman Laut Banda Recreation Park (25 km², designated 1977) and the Gunung Api Banda Recreation Park (7.35 km², 1992). For Indonesia as a whole, they estimate about 51,020 km² of coral reef, 18% of the world total, and record 443 coral species, with 581-602 estimated for the wider biogeographic region. Souter et al. (2021) place the Banda Sea ecoregion in an East Asian Seas subregion of 20,568 km² that also covers Halmahera, Papua, Northeast Sulawesi, the Gulf of Papua, and the Arafura Sea.
Souter et al. (2021) estimate that average hard coral cover across the East Asian Seas was 37% in 2019, slightly lower than a decade earlier, a decline they tie to the 2010 and 2016 mass bleaching events; within the Banda Sea's subregion, cover swung widely over the record while algal cover held roughly steady. They name overfishing, expanding coastal aquaculture, and siltation and nutrient enrichment from land-use change as the leading regional pressures, and add marine litter, noting that the region may produce as much as half of the world's marine plastic waste. Wilkinson (2006) had earlier reported that Southeast Asian reefs were still declining in 2004, with overfishing and destructive fishing the dominant direct threats, although Indonesia showed some signs of recovery.
The seven Banda sites come from 25-28 April 2018: Batu Kapal, an isolated pinnacle in the channel northeast of Banda Neira; Lava Flow, on Gunung Api's 1988 flow; Lighthouse; Airport (Banda Ara); Tanjung Pisang (Banana Island); and Shark Point and Goat Hall on Pulau Ai (Goat Hall is the site Reef Check surveys as Pulau Ay, Lubang Kambing). Dive-average water temperatures ran from 30.2°C (Batu Kapal and Airport) to 30.5°C (Lava Flow), and the water was mostly clear; the shallow snorkel at Tanjung Pisang averaged 32.8°C. Scuba maximum depths ran from 13.7 m at Lava Flow to 31.4 m on the Tanjung Pisang dive, with Airport at 30.5 m and Shark Point at 30.2 m; the 2.4 m logged at Tanjung Pisang is the snorkel over the flat. The typical profile is a steep wall or drop-off rising to a shallow terrace or crest. The walls are held largely by filter feeders, with barrel sponges, sea fans, black coral, and Dendronephthya; at Batu Kapal the deep face is sheeted in orange Dendronephthya. The tops carry near-continuous Acropora carpets (Tanjung Pisang, Shark Point, Goat Hall, Lava Flow) or wall-to-wall Sarcophyton and Lobophytum leather-coral terraces (Goat Hall, Batu Kapal).
Sites differ sharply. At Lava Flow the old lava channel now carries essentially complete plate-coral cover beside unbroken staghorn thickets and 20-plus hard coral genera, while angular young basalt in the shallows is only sparsely colonized. Lighthouse pairs a dense coral terrace with a slope of bare volcanic boulders, and Airport includes a long monospecific thicket of ruffled laminar and vase coral plates. Hard coral cover (Claude CV) across seven sites ranged from 16% at Batu Kapal to 55% at Lava Flow.
Condition was mixed across the group. Localized bleaching or paling was photographed at six of the seven sites. At Tanjung Pisang about five large plating colonies were paling (pale with tissue still present) and one small colony was stark white. At Lighthouse a live crown-of-thorns starfish was photographed beside freshly killed white skeleton, two corymbose colonies were stark white in a frame Anderson recorded as crown-of-thorns damage, and a meter-scale massive colony (25 April) and plating and branching colonies (26 April) were bleached. At Lava Flow 18 frames show white colonies among pigmented neighbors and 11 show recent staghorn mortality. At Airport one Stylophora was half bleached, stark-white leather corals on the reef top were bleached (Anderson's call), and a table coral about 2 m across carried an irregular white patch of undetermined cause. Shark Point had one partly bleached massive colony and Goat Hall one bleached helmet-shaped dome (Anderson's call); the photo review saw no bleaching at Batu Kapal, though a computer-vision point count scored 3.9% of coral there as bleached. No crown-of-thorns starfish was seen at the other six sites. Hawksbill turtles were photographed at Shark Point and Goat Hall, and Batu Kapal produced a banded sea krait, two large morays, and a clown triggerfish.
Ini adalah terjemahan mesin dari ringkasan berbahasa Inggris; teks berbahasa Inggris adalah versi yang otoritatif. AI translation of this summary; the English is authoritative.
Dalam bab Indonesia, Spalding et al. (2001) menggunakan Laut Banda terutama sebagai batas. Rangkaian kepulauan kecil yang membentang dari Timor ke timur hingga Kepulauan Aru menandai tepi selatannya, di dalam subkawasan laut dalam (Maluku dan Irian Jaya) tempat pulau-pulau yang berjarak beberapa puluh kilometer dapat dipisahkan oleh lebih dari 1,000 m perairan samudra yang sebagian besar jernih. Mereka menambahkan bahwa Laut Banda bagian barat memiliki banyak atol yang lebih kecil. Daftar kawasan lindung mereka mencakup dua lokasi yang dinamai Banda: Taman Wisata Laut Banda (Taman Laut Banda Recreation Park, 25 km², ditetapkan 1977) dan Taman Wisata Gunung Api Banda (7.35 km², 1992). Untuk Indonesia secara keseluruhan, mereka memperkirakan sekitar 51,020 km² terumbu karang, 18% dari total dunia, dan mencatat 443 spesies karang, dengan perkiraan 581-602 untuk kawasan biogeografis yang lebih luas. Souter et al. (2021) menempatkan ekoregion Laut Banda dalam subkawasan Laut Asia Timur seluas 20,568 km² yang juga mencakup Halmahera, Papua, Sulawesi Timur Laut, Teluk Papua, dan Laut Arafura.
Souter et al. (2021) memperkirakan rata-rata tutupan karang keras di seluruh Laut Asia Timur sebesar 37% pada 2019, sedikit lebih rendah dibandingkan satu dekade sebelumnya, penurunan yang mereka kaitkan dengan peristiwa pemutihan massal 2010 dan 2016; di subkawasan Laut Banda, tutupan berayun lebar sepanjang catatan sementara tutupan alga relatif stabil. Mereka menyebut penangkapan ikan berlebih, perluasan budidaya pesisir, serta pelumpuran dan pengayaan nutrien akibat perubahan tata guna lahan sebagai tekanan regional utama, dan menambahkan sampah laut, dengan catatan bahwa kawasan ini mungkin menghasilkan hingga separuh sampah plastik laut dunia. Sebelumnya Wilkinson (2006) melaporkan bahwa terumbu Asia Tenggara masih terus menurun pada 2004, dengan penangkapan ikan berlebih dan penangkapan ikan yang merusak sebagai ancaman langsung utama, meskipun Indonesia menunjukkan beberapa tanda pemulihan.
Ketujuh lokasi Banda berasal dari 25-28 April 2018: Batu Kapal, puncak karang terpencil di kanal timur laut Banda Neira; Lava Flow, di aliran lava Gunung Api tahun 1988; Lighthouse; Airport (Banda Ara); Tanjung Pisang (Pulau Pisang); serta Shark Point dan Goat Hall di Pulau Ai (Goat Hall adalah lokasi yang disurvei Reef Check sebagai Pulau Ay, Lubang Kambing). Suhu air rata-rata penyelaman berkisar dari 30.2°C (Batu Kapal dan Airport) hingga 30.5°C (Lava Flow), dan airnya sebagian besar jernih; snorkeling di perairan dangkal di Tanjung Pisang rata-rata 32.8°C. Kedalaman maksimum selam scuba berkisar dari 13.7 m di Lava Flow hingga 31.4 m pada penyelaman di Tanjung Pisang, dengan Airport di 30.5 m dan Shark Point di 30.2 m; angka 2.4 m yang tercatat di Tanjung Pisang berasal dari snorkeling di atas rataan terumbu. Profil yang umum adalah dinding curam atau tubir yang naik ke teras atau punggung yang dangkal. Dinding-dindingnya sebagian besar ditempati hewan penyaring, dengan spons tong, kipas laut, karang hitam, dan Dendronephthya; di Batu Kapal sisi dalamnya diselimuti Dendronephthya oranye. Bagian atasnya ditutupi hamparan Acropora yang hampir menyambung (Tanjung Pisang, Shark Point, Goat Hall, Lava Flow) atau teras karang kulit Sarcophyton dan Lobophytum dari ujung ke ujung (Goat Hall, Batu Kapal).
Lokasi-lokasinya sangat berbeda. Di Lava Flow, bekas alur lava kini ditutupi karang lembaran yang hampir sempurna, di samping rumpun tanduk rusa yang tak terputus dan lebih dari 20 genus karang keras, sementara basal muda yang bersudut di perairan dangkal hanya sedikit dihuni. Lighthouse memadukan teras karang yang rapat dengan lereng batu vulkanik yang gundul, dan Airport mencakup rumpun panjang monospesifik lembaran karang laminar berkerut dan karang vas. Tutupan karang keras (Claude CV) di tujuh lokasi berkisar dari 16% di Batu Kapal hingga 55% di Lava Flow.
Kondisinya beragam di seluruh gugus. Pemutihan atau pemucatan setempat difoto di enam dari tujuh lokasi. Di Tanjung Pisang, sekitar lima koloni karang lembaran besar memucat (pucat dengan jaringan masih ada) dan satu koloni kecil putih bersih. Di Lighthouse, seekor bintang laut mahkota duri hidup difoto di samping kerangka putih yang baru mati, dua koloni korimbosa putih bersih dalam bingkai yang dicatat oleh Anderson sebagai kerusakan akibat bintang laut mahkota duri, dan satu koloni masif berukuran sekitar satu meter (25 April) serta koloni lembaran dan bercabang (26 April) memutih. Di Lava Flow, 18 bingkai menunjukkan koloni putih di antara tetangga yang berpigmen dan 11 bingkai menunjukkan kematian baru karang tanduk rusa. Di Airport, satu Stylophora separuhnya memutih, karang kulit putih bersih di puncak terumbu memutih (penilaian Anderson), dan satu karang meja selebar sekitar 2 m memiliki petak putih tidak beraturan dengan penyebab yang belum ditentukan. Shark Point memiliki satu koloni masif yang sebagian memutih dan Goat Hall satu kubah berbentuk helm yang memutih (penilaian Anderson); tinjauan foto tidak melihat pemutihan di Batu Kapal, meskipun hitungan titik visi komputer menilai 3.9% karang di sana memutih. Tidak terlihat bintang laut mahkota duri di enam lokasi lainnya. Penyu sisik difoto di Shark Point dan Goat Hall, dan di Batu Kapal terlihat ular laut belang, dua belut moray besar, dan seekor ikan pakol badut (clown triggerfish).
176 independent survey records within 5 km of a site in this region (each record counted once; 97 lines, and a line that pools several records says how many).
All images from Coral Reef Diagnostics. Data are from Coral Reef Diagnostics, Reef Check Foundation, and Coral Triangle Center (CTC).
© Coral Reef Diagnostics.