Coral Reef Diagnostics

Oman

NOAA Coral Reef Watch

Regional summary of 7 dive sites. Figures are averages across the sites that report them (n = sites with a value); each site's own page has its individual values.

⬇ Download this region as a report card
05
Photo: Anderson Mayfield/Coral Reef Diagnostics — Oman - Daymaniyat Site 2
Country
Oman
Sites
7
each linked below
Hard coral cover (regional mean)
37% ± 7.6% (std. dev.)
n=7. range 25–51%
Water temp. during surveys (regional mean)
—
n = 0 of 7 sites
Coral Health Index (regional mean)
not yet scored
n = 0 of 7 sites
Most recent water temperature record
16 Sep 2026 · Gulf of Oman
Most recent heat stress record
16 Sep 2026 · Alert Level 1
Mean annual max degree heating weeks (DHW), last 5 years
2021–2025 · Gulf of Oman
Highest annual heat stress
in 2024 · Gulf of Oman
Severe heat-stress years
1985–2025 · 4 in the last 10 years
Heat-stress figures: NOAA Coral Reef Watch — Gulf of Oman 5-km virtual station. Each pill links its source record and carries the values behind it.
Regional summary

Oman's rocky, strongly zoned Muscat reefs and the shallow Daymaniyat island reefs, surveyed in May 2024, held 32.9% to 62.7% hard coral. With only a trace of bleaching, they stand as a record taken weeks before heat stress struck that summer.

Heat stress

048121620Week of 2023-05-21: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.63°CWeek of 2023-05-28: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.67°CWeek of 2023-06-04: DHW 2.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.46°CWeek of 2023-06-11: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.74°CWeek of 2023-06-18: DHW 6.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 33.05°CWeek of 2023-06-25: DHW 8.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 33.01°CWeek of 2023-07-02: DHW 8.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.92°CWeek of 2023-07-09: DHW 8.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.27°CWeek of 2023-07-16: DHW 8.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.61°CWeek of 2023-07-23: DHW 8.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.44°CWeek of 2023-07-30: DHW 8.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.90°CWeek of 2023-08-06: DHW 9.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.13°CWeek of 2023-08-13: DHW 9.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.94°CWeek of 2023-08-20: DHW 10.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.50°CWeek of 2023-08-27: DHW 10.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.21°CWeek of 2023-09-03: DHW 9.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.10°CWeek of 2023-09-10: DHW 7.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.87°CWeek of 2023-09-17: DHW 5.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.94°CWeek of 2023-09-24: DHW 3.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.59°CWeek of 2023-10-01: DHW 3.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.43°CWeek of 2023-10-08: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.05°CWeek of 2023-10-15: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.20°CWeek of 2023-10-22: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.13°CWeek of 2023-10-29: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.31°CWeek of 2023-11-05: DHW 3.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.86°CWeek of 2023-11-12: DHW 2.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.56°CWeek of 2023-11-19: DHW 1.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 27.92°CWeek of 2023-11-26: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 27.45°CWeek of 2023-12-03: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 27.15°CWeek of 2023-12-10: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 26.61°CWeek of 2023-12-17: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 25.99°CWeek of 2023-12-24: DHW 0.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 25.76°CWeek of 2023-12-31: DHW 0.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 25.59°CWeek of 2024-05-19: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.70°CWeek of 2024-05-26: DHW 1.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.53°CWeek of 2024-06-02: DHW 2.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.51°CWeek of 2024-06-09: DHW 4.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.12°CWeek of 2024-06-16: DHW 6.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.75°CWeek of 2024-06-23: DHW 8.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.51°CWeek of 2024-06-30: DHW 11.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 33.31°CWeek of 2024-07-07: DHW 13.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 33.15°CWeek of 2024-07-14: DHW 15.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.91°CWeek of 2024-07-21: DHW 17.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.96°CWeek of 2024-07-28: DHW 18.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 32.73°CWeek of 2024-08-04: DHW 18.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.58°CWeek of 2024-08-11: DHW 18.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.44°CWeek of 2024-08-18: DHW 18.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.76°CWeek of 2024-08-25: DHW 16.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.29°CWeek of 2024-09-01: DHW 15.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.59°CWeek of 2024-09-08: DHW 14.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.86°CWeek of 2024-09-15: DHW 12.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.99°CWeek of 2024-09-22: DHW 9.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.03°CWeek of 2024-09-29: DHW 7.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.20°CWeek of 2024-10-06: DHW 4.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.68°CWeek of 2024-10-13: DHW 2.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.85°CWeek of 2024-10-20: DHW 1.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.00°CWeek of 2025-05-11: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.10°CWeek of 2025-05-18: DHW 0.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.79°CWeek of 2025-05-25: DHW 2.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.21°CWeek of 2025-06-01: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.53°CWeek of 2025-06-08: DHW 4.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.16°CWeek of 2025-06-15: DHW 5.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.87°CWeek of 2025-06-22: DHW 8.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.64°CWeek of 2025-06-29: DHW 8.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.15°CWeek of 2025-07-06: DHW 8.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.00°CWeek of 2025-07-13: DHW 8.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.70°CWeek of 2025-07-20: DHW 8.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.52°CWeek of 2025-07-27: DHW 8.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.69°CWeek of 2025-08-03: DHW 8.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.57°CWeek of 2025-08-10: DHW 7.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.75°CWeek of 2025-08-17: DHW 7.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.69°CWeek of 2025-08-24: DHW 5.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.64°CWeek of 2025-08-31: DHW 5.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.95°CWeek of 2025-09-07: DHW 4.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.56°CWeek of 2025-09-14: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.43°CWeek of 2026-05-24: DHW 1.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 31.67°CWeek of 2026-05-31: DHW 2.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 32.29°CWeek of 2026-06-07: DHW 4.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.26°CWeek of 2026-06-14: DHW 5.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.15°CWeek of 2026-06-21: DHW 5.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.52°CWeek of 2026-06-28: DHW 5.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.51°CWeek of 2026-07-05: DHW 6.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.97°CWeek of 2026-07-12: DHW 7.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 32.55°CWeek of 2026-07-19: DHW 7.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.35°CWeek of 2026-07-26: DHW 8.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.82°CWeek of 2026-08-02: DHW 9.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.53°CWeek of 2026-08-09: DHW 9.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.32°CWeek of 2026-08-16: DHW 9.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 31.06°CWeek of 2026-08-23: DHW 7.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.63°CWeek of 2026-08-30: DHW 6.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.32°CWeek of 2026-09-06: DHW 5.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 31.86°CWeek of 2026-09-13: DHW 4.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.71°C22242628303234Bleaching threshold 32.0°C2023202420252026SST (°C)DHW (°C-weeks)
sea surface temperature (SST) (left axis)DHW under 2DHW 2–3DHW 3–5DHW 5–8DHW 8–10DHW over 10 (🔥 above 12)
Daily SST (line) and weekly maximum Degree Heating Weeks (bars), Jan 2023–Sep 2026, NOAA Coral Reef Watch 5-km Gulf of Oman virtual station. Dashed line: bleaching threshold (maximum monthly mean 31.0°C + 1°C). DHW ≥ 4: bleaching likely; ≥ 8: severe bleaching and mortality likely. A bar is drawn only where DHW exceeds zero, so a stretch with no bar is accumulated heat stress of zero, not missing data — the SST line runs the full period.

Long-term record: 7 years since 1985 reached 8 or more °C-weeks at NOAA’s Gulf of Oman station. Download the annual DHW data (CSV).

7 sites in this region — click a marker to open that site.

Read this summary in:

Regional setting

Oman's coasts face the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman, and the Arabian Sea shores remained almost unstudied until the late 1980s (Spalding et al. 2001). Strong southwest monsoon winds in summer drive upwelling of cool, nutrient-rich water of about 16–17°C along southern Arabia, so that in southern Oman macroalgae such as Sargassum, with kelp in deeper water, often occupy hard ground where corals might otherwise grow. In the Gulf of Oman the cool-water influence is weaker and less constant. Spalding et al. (2001) name four main areas of well-developed coral communities and small reef formations: the Musandam Peninsula, the shores and bays around Muscat together with the Daymaniyat Islands, western Masirah Island and the facing mainland, and sheltered rocky coast around the Al Halaniyat Islands and Dhofar. Many of these communities combine high cover with low diversity, dominated by Porites, Pocillopora damicornis, or Acropora. Natural impacts included storm damage and some crown-of-thorns predation, and the 1998 bleaching killed shallow corals in Dhofar but did little harm elsewhere. The Daymaniyat Islands became a nature reserve in 1995. Spalding et al. (2001) estimate about 530 km² of coral reef for Oman; Souter et al. (2021) give 196 km² for the Sea of Oman subregion and 2,009 km² for the whole ROPME Sea Area.

As of 2001, Spalding et al. judged human impacts on Oman's reefs to be considerable. Overfishing was probably only local, but anchors, fishing gear, and discarded nets did far more harm: one 1996 survey found 25–100% of the coral damaged on the Pocillopora damicornis reefs it examined. In the Sea of Oman, Souter et al. (2021) report that reefs lost almost half their coral cover from 2005 to 2010 after super-cyclone Gonu in 2007, cyclone Phet in 2010, and a large algal bloom in 2008–09, before recovering. The subregion bleached again in 2015, and algal cover there has roughly tripled since the early 2000s, a sign of a possible phase shift. The only records in the ROPME dataset spanning more than a decade come from around Muscat.

Overview

Oman's seven pins are Anderson's May 2024 survey sites, four on the Muscat coast (Novice Bay, Cave Site, Jissah Point, Cat Island) dived on 20-21 May and three in the Daymaniyat islands dived on 25 May. Published hard coral cover from manual point counts ranged from 32.9% at Cat Island to 62.7% at Cave Site. The Muscat reefs are rocky and strongly zoned. Novice Bay grades from a shallow flat of brain corals and Pocillopora thickets into leather-coral slopes and deep coralline buttresses, with soft coral at 29%. At Cave Site, where sand gullies and overhangs cut through the framework, colonies are packed so tightly that coral-on-coral contact is the norm. Jissah Point is the outlier, a low-relief pavement where algal turf (37.8%) nearly matches hard coral (39.5%) among leather-coral banks. Cat Island splits almost evenly between hard coral, soft coral, and turf, with compact branching colonies on boulder tops above leather corals and corallimorph carpets.

The Daymaniyat sites are shallow reefs rising from bright white sand. Site 1 holds near-monospecific meadows of tabular Acropora and dense Pocillopora fields separated by sand channels and Porites bommies, and Site 3 is covered almost wall to wall in fine-branched tabular and branching corals. At Site 2, a fringing reef off a low rocky islet, bommies are wrapped in knobby coral and tiered laminar plates, with turf down to 5.3%. Photo review found that tabular Acropora had been partly scored as soft coral at Sites 1 and 3, so the published hard coral values there (51.1% and 41.5%) likely understate living hard coral.

No bleaching was seen in May 2024 except a trace (0.2% of hard coral points) at Novice Bay. The surveys fell weeks before NOAA Coral Reef Watch recorded Alert Level 2 heat stress and bleaching was reported along this coast from July 2024, so they stand as a pre-stress record. Sea turtles were photographed repeatedly at the Daymaniyat sites, and a banded sea snake, honeycomb moray, and scorpionfish were recorded off Muscat.

Highlights

Notable observations

Coral cover over time (pooled)

One point per year: the mean of every hard coral cover value available for this region that year — Anderson’s own dives and every independent survey station within 5 km of them. The vertical bar is the full range behind that mean. Different programs use different methods at different stations, so this is a regional summary, not a single comparable series. Years resting on fewer than three values are drawn as smaller points (2017). Non-CRD points are from Reef Check Foundation. Marker shape: his own dives, other organizations’ surveys, a mix of both, that year.
0%17%34%51%68%2017202120262017: mean 14% of 2 values (range 14%)2024: mean 41% of 8 values (range 25–60%)2025: mean 34% of 12 values (range 4.2–70%)2026: mean 17% of 6 values (range 0.0–45%)

Sites in this region

% coral cover by method

Pooled across 7 dive sites

MethodMean % coral coverStd. dev. between dive sitesn dive sitesNote
Manual point count (author)37.3%±8.37frame-weighted 39.8% over 660 frames
CoralNet automated point classifier36.6%±8.26frame-weighted 37.9% over 461 frames; 5 of these dive sites are the SAME MEASUREMENT as the reference and are excluded from the ranking
CoralSCOP (SAM-based mask-sum), edited photos37.2%±147frame-weighted 42.8% over 540 frames
CoralSCOP (SAM-based mask-sum), unedited photos35.2%±127frame-weighted 40.1% over 540 frames
Claude (Anthropic), blind point count44.5%±147frame-weighted 44.6% over 103 frames
In-house DINOv3 point classifier30.0%±9.87frame-weighted 29.9% over 554 frames

The mean is an UNWEIGHTED mean of the dive site values — each dive site counts once, whatever its photo count — which is the convention of the published tables and of every other figure on this page. The frame-weighted alternative is given per method in the Note column; where the two differ, the difference is a photo-count imbalance, not a coral-cover finding.

Closest to the reference

Over the dive sites where an independent reference exists, CoralNet automated point classifier sits closest to it — a mean absolute deviation of 2.7 pp across 1 dive site, then CoralSCOP (SAM-based mask-sum), edited photos 4.8 pp (n=2), CoralSCOP (SAM-based mask-sum), unedited photos 4.9 pp (n=2), In-house DINOv3 point classifier 17.9 pp (n=2). 5 dive sites are excluded from this calculation entirely — Cat Island, Daymaniyat-site 1, Daymaniyat-site 2, Daymaniyat-site 3, Jissah Point — because the reference there is itself machine output, so a model compared against it is only being compared with another model. A mean absolute deviation is not an accuracy score: a model with a consistent offset is correctable, while one with the same deviation scattered in both directions is not.

By dive site

Dive siteManual point countCoralNetCoralSCOP (edited)CoralSCOP (unedited)ClaudeDINOv3
Cave Site51.4%
n=170
48.7%
n=106
50.5%
n=149
49.0%
n=149
69.3%
n=15
31.2%
n=151
Daymaniyat-site 141.7%
n=79
41.7%⚠
n=79
24.6%⚠
n=56
23.2%⚠
n=56
51.9%⚠
n=15
34.4%⚠
n=56
Novice Bay38.5%
n=135
—47.3%
n=111
45.9%
n=111
41.9%
n=15
23.0%
n=120
Daymaniyat-site 238.1%
n=106
38.1%⚠
n=106
50.4%⚠
n=81
42.2%⚠
n=81
48.3%⚠
n=15
46.5%⚠
n=84
Jissah Point33.3%
n=61
33.3%⚠
n=61
38.1%⚠
n=54
34.9%⚠
n=54
26.8%⚠
n=15
16.0%⚠
n=54
Daymaniyat-site 333.0%
n=28
33.0%⚠
n=28
13.3%⚠
n=19
17.6%⚠
n=19
35.9%⚠
n=13
34.2%⚠
n=18
Cat Island24.9%
n=81
24.9%⚠
n=81
36.5%⚠
n=70
33.3%⚠
n=70
37.1%⚠
n=15
24.9%⚠
n=71

n under each value is the number of photographs that method scored at that dive site. ⚠ marks a cell that is not an independent check.

Reference: point-count on the photographs (a human scoring the same pixels the models see). Denominator: coral points / (30 − WATER − FISH); `Unk` is IN the denominator (Mayfield 2025 convention). Source: published verbatim (Mayfield 2025, Platax, Table 1) ⚠ Only 200 of the 661 frames behind the published Oman cover carry the author's own points (Novice Bay 135 + 65 of Cave Site); the other 461 carry CoralNet robot labels. Cave Site is the ONLY real CoralNet comparison in this region. The two CoralSCOP columns are PAIRED — a frame counts only if the same stem was scored in both runs, so edited minus unedited is not a frame-selection artefact. CoralSCOP cover is a mask-sum AREA fraction; no point denominator applies to it. The Claude column is the edited-photo blind arm (15 frames/site, 13 at Daymaniyat site 3). The harder unedited fair test is a separate, non-interchangeable number.

Nearby external survey stations

20 independent survey records within 5 km of a site in this region (deduplicated across sites).

Show all 20 records

All images from Coral Reef Diagnostics. Data are from Coral Reef Diagnostics and Reef Check Foundation and NOAA Coral Reef Watch.

© Coral Reef Diagnostics.

References