Regional summary of 3 dive sites. Figures are averages across the sites that report them (n = sites with a value); each site's own page has its individual values. Part of the Indonesia - Maluku overview.
⬇ Download this region as a report card
Ambon's sites are mostly muck dives on sand, silt, and rubble near Laha, dived in April 2018, where coral grows in patches, such as the near-continuous carpets on bommie tops at Air Manis. The macro life stands out, including a Rhinopias, frogfish, seahorses, and harlequin shrimp.
Long-term record: 9 years from 1985 through 2025 reached 8 or more °C-weeks at NOAA’s Maluku, Indonesia station. Download the annual DHW data (CSV).
3 sites in this region — click a marker to open that site.
Ambon lies in the Moluccas, which Spalding et al. (2001) group with Irian Jaya as the last of Indonesia's sub-regions. They describe an area of complex bathymetry and very deep water, where islands only tens of kilometers apart may be separated by more than 1,000 m and the sea is mostly clear and oceanic. Winds shift with the monsoons, blowing from the northwest across most of the sub-region in the Northeast Monsoon and from the southeast toward the southern Moluccas in the Southeast Monsoon, and surface currents are mixed. The authors give no account of Ambon's shores. For Indonesia as a whole, they estimate about 51,020 km² of coral reef, 18% of the world total.
At the regional scale, Souter et al. (2021) identify overfishing, the growth of coastal aquaculture, and siltation and eutrophication driven by land-use change as the main pressures on East Asian Seas reefs, alongside marine plastic litter, and attribute the region's coral losses after 2010 and 2016 to mass bleaching. Wilkinson (2006) reported that, as of 2004, Indonesian reefs showed some signs of recovery even as reef condition elsewhere in Southeast Asia continued to decline.
All three Ambon sites are muck dives near Laha on Ambon's south coast, all made on 22 April 2018: Air Manis, Rhino City, and Laha-2. They reached maximum depths of 18.3 m, 24.7 m, and 26.2 m. The bottom at all three is sand, silt, and rubble, and visibility ran moderate to good over the coral and hazier and greener over the muck.
Coral occurs in patches within the muck, and the three dives differ sharply. At Air Manis, raised bommies and low ridges carry near-100% Acropora and Porites carpets on their tops, against bare sand between them. Taxa in Anderson's photo names include table and staghorn Acropora, Montipora (with the diver's question mark), Euphyllia, Seriatopora caliendrum, and Pocillopora meandrina, and the frames also show brain corals and fire coral. Rhino City splits into sandy muck with isolated soft-coral trees and gorgonian fans, and a dense, healthy reef-flat section of staghorn and table Acropora thickets with a large Diploastrea heliopora. Laha-2 is overwhelmingly sand-silt and dead shell middens, with almost no coherent reef structure and only a few frames showing coral at all. Photo-derived cover was 31% at Air Manis and 33% at Rhino City, values that pool coral patches with muck bottom that is not reef; Laha-2, a muck dive whose photographs show almost no coral, carries no cover value.
Human impacts were photographed at all three sites: fine monofilament gillnets at Air Manis, where small fish were trapped in one draped across bommies, and at Rhino City, where one was draped over a branching coral, and glass bottles, fishing line, and PVC debris woven into the rubble at Laha-2. No crown-of-thorns starfish was seen at any of the three. Colony-level stress was recorded at each: at Air Manis one leather-coral lobe bleached white, an advancing tissue-loss lesion on one foliose colony (not diagnosed), white patches of unclear cause on plating colonies, and a cushion star beside a mushroom coral with a possible feeding scar; at Rhino City one possibly paling massive colony (one frame) and a red Acropora with dead lower branches; and at Laha-2 a hammer coral pale across its sun-exposed upper surface (solar bleaching). The macro life included a Rhinopias, a likely ornate ghost pipefish, and a ribbon eel at Rhino City, and harlequin shrimp, a shell-carrying octopus, four frogfish, and two seahorses at Laha-2.
Ini adalah terjemahan mesin dari ringkasan berbahasa Inggris; teks berbahasa Inggris adalah versi yang otoritatif. AI translation of this summary; the English is authoritative.
Ambon terletak di Maluku (Moluccas), yang oleh Spalding et al. (2001) dikelompokkan bersama Irian Jaya sebagai subkawasan terakhir Indonesia. Mereka menggambarkan kawasan dengan batimetri yang kompleks dan perairan yang sangat dalam, tempat pulau-pulau yang hanya berjarak puluhan kilometer dapat dipisahkan oleh kedalaman lebih dari 1,000 m, dan lautnya sebagian besar jernih dan bersifat oseanik. Angin berganti arah mengikuti musim, bertiup dari barat laut di sebagian besar subkawasan pada Muson Timur Laut dan dari tenggara ke arah Maluku bagian selatan pada Muson Tenggara, sedangkan arus permukaannya bercampur. Para penulis tidak memberikan uraian tentang pesisir Ambon. Untuk Indonesia secara keseluruhan, mereka memperkirakan luas terumbu karang sekitar 51,020 km², 18% dari total dunia.
Pada skala kawasan, Souter et al. (2021) mengidentifikasi penangkapan ikan berlebih, pertumbuhan budidaya perikanan pesisir, serta pendangkalan dan eutrofikasi akibat perubahan tata guna lahan sebagai tekanan utama terhadap terumbu di Laut Asia Timur (East Asian Seas), di samping sampah plastik laut, dan mengaitkan hilangnya karang di kawasan tersebut setelah tahun 2010 dan 2016 dengan pemutihan massal. Wilkinson (2006) melaporkan bahwa, per tahun 2004, terumbu Indonesia menunjukkan beberapa tanda pemulihan, sementara kondisi terumbu di bagian lain Asia Tenggara terus menurun.
Ketiga titik Ambon merupakan penyelaman muck di dekat Laha di pantai selatan Ambon, semuanya dilakukan pada 22 April 2018: Air Manis, Rhino City, dan Laha-2. Kedalaman maksimumnya 18.3 m, 24.7 m, dan 26.2 m. Dasar perairan di ketiganya berupa pasir, lumpur halus, dan pecahan karang, dengan jarak pandang sedang hingga baik di atas karang serta lebih keruh dan kehijauan di atas area muck.
Karang tumbuh berkelompok di dalam area muck, dan ketiga penyelaman sangat berbeda satu sama lain. Di Air Manis, bongkahan karang (bommie) dan punggungan rendah yang menonjol memiliki hamparan Acropora dan Porites dengan tutupan hampir 100% di bagian puncaknya, berlatar pasir gundul di antaranya. Takson dalam nama-nama fotonya meliputi Acropora meja dan tanduk rusa, Montipora (dengan tanda tanyanya), Euphyllia, Seriatopora caliendrum, dan Pocillopora meandrina, dan bingkai-bingkai foto juga memperlihatkan karang otak dan karang api. Rhino City terbagi menjadi area muck berpasir dengan pohon karang lunak dan kipas gorgonian yang terpencar, serta bagian rataan terumbu yang padat dan sehat berupa semak Acropora tanduk rusa dan meja dengan satu koloni besar Diploastrea heliopora. Laha-2 sebagian besar berupa pasir-lumpur dan timbunan cangkang mati, hampir tanpa struktur terumbu yang utuh, dan hanya sedikit bingkai foto yang memperlihatkan karang sama sekali. Tutupan berbasis foto adalah 31% di Air Manis dan 33% di Rhino City, nilai yang menggabungkan petak karang dengan dasar muck yang bukan terumbu; Laha-2, penyelaman muck yang fotonya hampir tidak memperlihatkan karang, tidak memiliki nilai tutupan.
Dampak manusia difoto di ketiga lokasi: jaring insang monofilamen halus di Air Manis, tempat ikan-ikan kecil terperangkap dalam satu jaring yang terbentang di atas bongkahan karang, dan di Rhino City, tempat satu jaring tersampir di atas karang bercabang, serta botol kaca, tali pancing, dan serpihan PVC yang terjalin di antara pecahan karang di Laha-2. Tidak terlihat bintang laut mahkota duri di ketiga lokasi. Stres pada tingkat koloni tercatat di masing-masing lokasi: di Air Manis, satu lobus karang kulit memutih, satu lesi kehilangan jaringan yang meluas pada satu koloni foliosa (tidak didiagnosis), petak-petak putih dengan penyebab yang belum jelas pada koloni lembaran, dan seekor bintang laut bantal di samping karang jamur dengan kemungkinan bekas makan; di Rhino City, satu koloni masif yang memucat dan satu Acropora merah dengan cabang bawah yang mati; dan di Laha-2, satu karang palu yang pucat di seluruh bagian atasnya yang terpapar matahari (pemutihan akibat sinar matahari). Kehidupan makro meliputi seekor Rhinopias, kemungkinan seekor ikan pipa hantu hias (ornate ghost pipefish), dan seekor belut pita di Rhino City, serta udang harlequin, gurita pembawa cangkang, empat ikan kodok, dan dua kuda laut di Laha-2.
All images from Coral Reef Diagnostics. Data are from Coral Reef Diagnostics.
© Coral Reef Diagnostics.