Coral Reef Diagnostics

Indonesia - Ambon

NOAA Coral Reef Watch

Regional summary of 3 dive sites. Figures are averages across the sites that report them (n = sites with a value); each site's own page has its individual values. Part of the Indonesia - Maluku overview.

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05
Photo: Anderson Mayfield/Coral Reef Diagnostics — Indonesia - Ambon: Air Manis (Laha)
Country
Indonesia
Sites
3
each linked below
Hard coral cover (regional mean; CoralSCOP index)
32% ± 1.9% (std. dev.)
n = 2 of 3 sites. range 31–33%
Water temp. during surveys (regional mean)
29.9°C
n = 3 of 3 sites; surveyed Apr 2018
Coral Health Index (regional mean)
not yet scored
n = 0 of 3 sites
Most recent water temperature record
26 Oct 2026 · Maluku, Indonesia
Most recent heat stress record
26 Oct 2026 · No heat stress
Mean annual max degree heating weeks (DHW), last 5 years
2021–2025 · Maluku, Indonesia
Highest annual heat stress
in 2022 · Maluku, Indonesia
Severe heat-stress years
1985–2025 · 8 in the last 10 years
Heat-stress figures: NOAA Coral Reef Watch — Maluku, Indonesia 5-km virtual station. Each pill links its source record and carries the values behind it.
Regional summary

Ambon's sites are mostly muck dives on sand, silt, and rubble near Laha, dived in April 2018, where coral grows in patches, such as the near-continuous carpets on bommie tops at Air Manis. The macro life stands out, including a Rhinopias, frogfish, seahorses, and harlequin shrimp.

Heat stress

04812Week of 2023-01-01: DHW 9.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.49°CWeek of 2023-01-08: DHW 9.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.28°CWeek of 2023-01-15: DHW 9.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.51°CWeek of 2023-01-22: DHW 8.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.47°CWeek of 2023-01-29: DHW 7.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.44°CWeek of 2023-02-05: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.16°CWeek of 2023-02-12: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.16°CWeek of 2023-02-19: DHW 2.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.20°CWeek of 2023-02-26: DHW 2.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.35°CWeek of 2023-03-05: DHW 1.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.26°CWeek of 2023-03-19: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.23°CWeek of 2023-03-26: DHW 0.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.05°CWeek of 2023-04-02: DHW 0.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.57°CWeek of 2023-04-09: DHW 0.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.73°CWeek of 2023-04-16: DHW 0.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.91°CWeek of 2023-04-23: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.94°CWeek of 2023-04-30: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.72°CWeek of 2023-05-07: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.61°CWeek of 2023-05-14: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.36°CWeek of 2023-05-21: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.08°CWeek of 2023-05-28: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.08°CWeek of 2023-06-04: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.18°CWeek of 2023-06-11: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.01°CWeek of 2023-06-18: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.92°CWeek of 2023-06-25: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.04°CWeek of 2023-07-02: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.02°CWeek of 2023-07-09: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.67°CWeek of 2023-07-16: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.43°CWeek of 2023-11-26: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.45°CWeek of 2023-12-03: DHW 2.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.79°CWeek of 2023-12-10: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.29°CWeek of 2023-12-17: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.84°CWeek of 2023-12-24: DHW 2.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.15°CWeek of 2023-12-31: DHW 4.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.91°CWeek of 2024-01-07: DHW 5.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.66°CWeek of 2024-01-14: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.12°CWeek of 2024-01-21: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.70°CWeek of 2024-01-28: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.62°CWeek of 2024-02-04: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.61°CWeek of 2024-02-11: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.63°CWeek of 2024-02-18: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.93°CWeek of 2024-02-25: DHW 4.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.12°CWeek of 2024-03-03: DHW 5.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.34°CWeek of 2024-03-10: DHW 5.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.89°CWeek of 2024-03-17: DHW 5.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.65°CWeek of 2024-03-24: DHW 4.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.21°CWeek of 2024-03-31: DHW 4.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.24°CWeek of 2024-04-07: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.19°CWeek of 2024-04-14: DHW 3.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.11°CWeek of 2024-04-21: DHW 4.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.26°CWeek of 2024-04-28: DHW 5.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.96°CWeek of 2024-05-05: DHW 5.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.65°CWeek of 2024-05-12: DHW 5.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.58°CWeek of 2024-05-19: DHW 4.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.27°CWeek of 2024-05-26: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.43°CWeek of 2024-06-02: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.19°CWeek of 2024-06-09: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.71°CWeek of 2024-06-16: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.44°CWeek of 2024-06-23: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.34°CWeek of 2024-06-30: DHW 1.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.35°CWeek of 2024-07-07: DHW 1.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.18°CWeek of 2024-07-14: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.00°CWeek of 2024-07-21: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.04°CWeek of 2024-10-27: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.99°CWeek of 2024-11-03: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.87°CWeek of 2024-11-10: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.23°CWeek of 2024-11-17: DHW 2.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.53°CWeek of 2024-11-24: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.97°CWeek of 2024-12-01: DHW 5.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.79°CWeek of 2024-12-08: DHW 6.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.46°CWeek of 2024-12-15: DHW 7.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.06°CWeek of 2024-12-22: DHW 7.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.93°CWeek of 2024-12-29: DHW 7.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.21°CWeek of 2025-01-05: DHW 8.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.35°CWeek of 2025-01-12: DHW 8.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.17°CWeek of 2025-01-19: DHW 9.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.44°CWeek of 2025-01-26: DHW 9.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.19°CWeek of 2025-02-02: DHW 9.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.66°CWeek of 2025-02-09: DHW 8.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.59°CWeek of 2025-02-16: DHW 7.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.68°CWeek of 2025-02-23: DHW 5.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.46°CWeek of 2025-03-02: DHW 4.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.95°CWeek of 2025-03-09: DHW 2.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.16°CWeek of 2025-03-16: DHW 2.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.83°CWeek of 2025-03-23: DHW 2.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.80°CWeek of 2025-03-30: DHW 2.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.89°CWeek of 2025-04-06: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.83°CWeek of 2025-04-13: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.97°CWeek of 2025-04-20: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.80°CWeek of 2025-04-27: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.85°CWeek of 2025-05-04: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.71°CWeek of 2025-05-11: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.67°CWeek of 2025-05-18: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.68°CWeek of 2025-05-25: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.76°CWeek of 2025-06-01: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.43°CWeek of 2025-06-08: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.25°CWeek of 2025-06-15: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.09°CWeek of 2025-11-02: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.25°CWeek of 2025-11-09: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.18°CWeek of 2025-11-16: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.88°CWeek of 2025-11-23: DHW 1.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.07°CWeek of 2025-11-30: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.31°CWeek of 2025-12-07: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.03°CWeek of 2025-12-14: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.09°CWeek of 2025-12-21: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.93°CWeek of 2025-12-28: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.86°CWeek of 2026-01-04: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.74°CWeek of 2026-01-11: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.53°CWeek of 2026-01-18: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.32°CWeek of 2026-01-25: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.59°CWeek of 2026-02-01: DHW 1.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.59°CWeek of 2026-02-08: DHW 1.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.41°CWeek of 2026-02-15: DHW 1.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.62°CWeek of 2026-02-22: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.50°C26272829303132Bleaching threshold 30.1°C2023202420252026SST (°C)DHW (°C-weeks)
sea surface temperature (SST) (left axis)DHW under 2DHW 2–3DHW 3–5DHW 5–8DHW 8–10DHW over 10 (🔥 above 12)
Daily SST (line) and weekly maximum Degree Heating Weeks (bars), Jan 2023–Oct 2026, NOAA Coral Reef Watch 5-km Maluku, Indonesia virtual station. Dashed line: bleaching threshold (maximum monthly mean 29.1°C + 1°C). DHW ≥ 4: bleaching likely; ≥ 8: severe bleaching and mortality likely. A bar is drawn only where DHW exceeds zero, so a stretch with no bar is accumulated heat stress of zero, not missing data — the SST line runs the full period.

Long-term record: 9 years from 1985 through 2025 reached 8 or more °C-weeks at NOAA’s Maluku, Indonesia station. Download the annual DHW data (CSV).

3 sites in this region — click a marker to open that site.

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Regional setting

Ambon lies in the Moluccas, which Spalding et al. (2001) group with Irian Jaya as the last of Indonesia's sub-regions. They describe an area of complex bathymetry and very deep water, where islands only tens of kilometers apart may be separated by more than 1,000 m and the sea is mostly clear and oceanic. Winds shift with the monsoons, blowing from the northwest across most of the sub-region in the Northeast Monsoon and from the southeast toward the southern Moluccas in the Southeast Monsoon, and surface currents are mixed. The authors give no account of Ambon's shores. For Indonesia as a whole, they estimate about 51,020 km² of coral reef, 18% of the world total.

At the regional scale, Souter et al. (2021) identify overfishing, the growth of coastal aquaculture, and siltation and eutrophication driven by land-use change as the main pressures on East Asian Seas reefs, alongside marine plastic litter, and attribute the region's coral losses after 2010 and 2016 to mass bleaching. Wilkinson (2006) reported that, as of 2004, Indonesian reefs showed some signs of recovery even as reef condition elsewhere in Southeast Asia continued to decline.

Overview

All three Ambon sites are muck dives near Laha on Ambon's south coast, all made on 22 April 2018: Air Manis, Rhino City, and Laha-2. They reached maximum depths of 18.3 m, 24.7 m, and 26.2 m. The bottom at all three is sand, silt, and rubble, and visibility ran moderate to good over the coral and hazier and greener over the muck.

Coral occurs in patches within the muck, and the three dives differ sharply. At Air Manis, raised bommies and low ridges carry near-100% Acropora and Porites carpets on their tops, against bare sand between them. Taxa in Anderson's photo names include table and staghorn Acropora, Montipora (with the diver's question mark), Euphyllia, Seriatopora caliendrum, and Pocillopora meandrina, and the frames also show brain corals and fire coral. Rhino City splits into sandy muck with isolated soft-coral trees and gorgonian fans, and a dense, healthy reef-flat section of staghorn and table Acropora thickets with a large Diploastrea heliopora. Laha-2 is overwhelmingly sand-silt and dead shell middens, with almost no coherent reef structure and only a few frames showing coral at all. Photo-derived cover was 31% at Air Manis and 33% at Rhino City, values that pool coral patches with muck bottom that is not reef; Laha-2, a muck dive whose photographs show almost no coral, carries no cover value.

Human impacts were photographed at all three sites: fine monofilament gillnets at Air Manis, where small fish were trapped in one draped across bommies, and at Rhino City, where one was draped over a branching coral, and glass bottles, fishing line, and PVC debris woven into the rubble at Laha-2. No crown-of-thorns starfish was seen at any of the three. Colony-level stress was recorded at each: at Air Manis one leather-coral lobe bleached white, an advancing tissue-loss lesion on one foliose colony (not diagnosed), white patches of unclear cause on plating colonies, and a cushion star beside a mushroom coral with a possible feeding scar; at Rhino City one possibly paling massive colony (one frame) and a red Acropora with dead lower branches; and at Laha-2 a hammer coral pale across its sun-exposed upper surface (solar bleaching). The macro life included a Rhinopias, a likely ornate ghost pipefish, and a ribbon eel at Rhino City, and harlequin shrimp, a shell-carrying octopus, four frogfish, and two seahorses at Laha-2.

Highlights

Notable observations

Sites in this region

All images from Coral Reef Diagnostics. Data are from Coral Reef Diagnostics.

© Coral Reef Diagnostics.

References