Coral Reef Diagnostics

Indonesia - Ambon

NOAA Coral Reef Watch

Regional summary of 3 dive sites. Figures are averages across the sites that report them (n = sites with a value); each site's own page has its individual values. Part of the Indonesia - Maluku overview.

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05
Photo: Anderson Mayfield/Coral Reef Diagnostics — Indonesia - Ambon: Air Manis (Laha)
Country
Indonesia
Sites
3
each linked below
Hard coral cover (regional mean)
29% ± 4.0% (std. dev.)
n=3. range 24–33%
Water temp. during surveys (regional mean)
29.4°C
n = 3 of 3 sites; surveyed Apr 2018
Coral Health Index (regional mean)
not yet scored
n = 0 of 3 sites
Most recent water temperature record
16 Sep 2026 · Maluku
Most recent heat stress record
16 Sep 2026 · below alert level
Mean annual max degree heating weeks (DHW), last 5 years
2021–2025 · Maluku
Highest annual heat stress
in 2022 · Maluku
Severe heat-stress years
1985–2025 · 8 in the last 10 years
Heat-stress figures: NOAA Coral Reef Watch — Maluku 5-km virtual station. Each pill links its source record and carries the values behind it.
Regional summary

Ambon's pins are mostly muck dives on sand, silt, and rubble near Laha, dived in April 2018, where coral grows in patches, such as the near-continuous carpets on bommie tops at Air Manis. The macro life stands out, including a Rhinopias, frogfish, seahorses, and harlequin shrimp.

Heat stress

04812Week of 2023-01-01: DHW 9.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.49°CWeek of 2023-01-08: DHW 9.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.28°CWeek of 2023-01-15: DHW 9.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.51°CWeek of 2023-01-22: DHW 8.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.47°CWeek of 2023-01-29: DHW 7.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.44°CWeek of 2023-02-05: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.16°CWeek of 2023-02-12: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.16°CWeek of 2023-02-19: DHW 2.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.20°CWeek of 2023-02-26: DHW 2.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.35°CWeek of 2023-03-05: DHW 1.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.26°CWeek of 2023-03-19: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.23°CWeek of 2023-03-26: DHW 0.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.05°CWeek of 2023-04-02: DHW 0.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.57°CWeek of 2023-04-09: DHW 0.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.73°CWeek of 2023-04-16: DHW 0.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.91°CWeek of 2023-04-23: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.94°CWeek of 2023-04-30: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.72°CWeek of 2023-05-07: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.61°CWeek of 2023-05-14: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.36°CWeek of 2023-05-21: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.08°CWeek of 2023-05-28: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.08°CWeek of 2023-06-04: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.18°CWeek of 2023-06-11: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.01°CWeek of 2023-06-18: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.92°CWeek of 2023-06-25: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.04°CWeek of 2023-07-02: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.02°CWeek of 2023-07-09: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.67°CWeek of 2023-07-16: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.43°CWeek of 2023-11-26: DHW 0.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.45°CWeek of 2023-12-03: DHW 2.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.79°CWeek of 2023-12-10: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.29°CWeek of 2023-12-17: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.84°CWeek of 2023-12-24: DHW 2.7°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.15°CWeek of 2023-12-31: DHW 4.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.91°CWeek of 2024-01-07: DHW 5.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.66°CWeek of 2024-01-14: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.12°CWeek of 2024-01-21: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.70°CWeek of 2024-01-28: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.62°CWeek of 2024-02-04: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.61°CWeek of 2024-02-11: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.63°CWeek of 2024-02-18: DHW 5.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.93°CWeek of 2024-02-25: DHW 4.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.12°CWeek of 2024-03-03: DHW 5.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.34°CWeek of 2024-03-10: DHW 5.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.89°CWeek of 2024-03-17: DHW 5.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.65°CWeek of 2024-03-24: DHW 4.7°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.21°CWeek of 2024-03-31: DHW 4.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.24°CWeek of 2024-04-07: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.19°CWeek of 2024-04-14: DHW 3.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.11°CWeek of 2024-04-21: DHW 4.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.26°CWeek of 2024-04-28: DHW 5.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.96°CWeek of 2024-05-05: DHW 5.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.65°CWeek of 2024-05-12: DHW 5.1°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.58°CWeek of 2024-05-19: DHW 4.9°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.27°CWeek of 2024-05-26: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.43°CWeek of 2024-06-02: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.19°CWeek of 2024-06-09: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.71°CWeek of 2024-06-16: DHW 3.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.44°CWeek of 2024-06-23: DHW 2.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.34°CWeek of 2024-06-30: DHW 1.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.35°CWeek of 2024-07-07: DHW 1.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.18°CWeek of 2024-07-14: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.00°CWeek of 2024-07-21: DHW 0.2°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 28.04°CWeek of 2024-10-27: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.99°CWeek of 2024-11-03: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.87°CWeek of 2024-11-10: DHW 1.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.23°CWeek of 2024-11-17: DHW 2.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.53°CWeek of 2024-11-24: DHW 4.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.97°CWeek of 2024-12-01: DHW 5.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.79°CWeek of 2024-12-08: DHW 6.8°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.46°CWeek of 2024-12-15: DHW 7.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.06°CWeek of 2024-12-22: DHW 7.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.93°CWeek of 2024-12-29: DHW 7.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 30.21°CWeek of 2025-01-05: DHW 8.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.35°CWeek of 2025-01-12: DHW 8.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.17°CWeek of 2025-01-19: DHW 9.3°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.44°CWeek of 2025-01-26: DHW 9.6°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 30.19°CWeek of 2025-02-02: DHW 9.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.66°CWeek of 2025-02-09: DHW 8.5°C-weeks (Alert Level 2+: severe bleaching and significant mortality likely); SST 29.59°CWeek of 2025-02-16: DHW 7.2°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.68°CWeek of 2025-02-23: DHW 5.4°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.46°CWeek of 2025-03-02: DHW 4.0°C-weeks (Alert Level 1: significant bleaching likely); SST 29.95°CWeek of 2025-03-09: DHW 2.8°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.16°CWeek of 2025-03-16: DHW 2.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.83°CWeek of 2025-03-23: DHW 2.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.80°CWeek of 2025-03-30: DHW 2.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.89°CWeek of 2025-04-06: DHW 1.9°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.83°CWeek of 2025-04-13: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.97°CWeek of 2025-04-20: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.80°CWeek of 2025-04-27: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.85°CWeek of 2025-05-04: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.71°CWeek of 2025-05-11: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.67°CWeek of 2025-05-18: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.68°CWeek of 2025-05-25: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.76°CWeek of 2025-06-01: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.43°CWeek of 2025-06-08: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.25°CWeek of 2025-06-15: DHW 0.1°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.09°CWeek of 2025-11-02: DHW 0.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.25°CWeek of 2025-11-09: DHW 0.4°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.18°CWeek of 2025-11-16: DHW 0.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.88°CWeek of 2025-11-23: DHW 1.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.07°CWeek of 2025-11-30: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.31°CWeek of 2025-12-07: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.03°CWeek of 2025-12-14: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 30.09°CWeek of 2025-12-21: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.93°CWeek of 2025-12-28: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.86°CWeek of 2026-01-04: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.74°CWeek of 2026-01-11: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.53°CWeek of 2026-01-18: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.32°CWeek of 2026-01-25: DHW 1.6°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.59°CWeek of 2026-02-01: DHW 1.3°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.59°CWeek of 2026-02-08: DHW 1.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.41°CWeek of 2026-02-15: DHW 1.0°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.62°CWeek of 2026-02-22: DHW 0.5°C-weeks (below the bleaching alert threshold); SST 29.50°C26272829303132Bleaching threshold 30.1°C2023202420252026SST (°C)DHW (°C-weeks)
sea surface temperature (SST) (left axis)DHW under 2DHW 2–3DHW 3–5DHW 5–8DHW 8–10DHW over 10 (🔥 above 12)
Daily SST (line) and weekly maximum Degree Heating Weeks (bars), Jan 2023–Sep 2026, NOAA Coral Reef Watch 5-km Maluku virtual station. Dashed line: bleaching threshold (maximum monthly mean 29.1°C + 1°C). DHW ≥ 4: bleaching likely; ≥ 8: severe bleaching and mortality likely. A bar is drawn only where DHW exceeds zero, so a stretch with no bar is accumulated heat stress of zero, not missing data — the SST line runs the full period.

Long-term record: 9 years since 1985 reached 8 or more °C-weeks at NOAA’s Maluku station. Download the annual DHW data (CSV).

3 sites in this region — click a marker to open that site.

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Regional setting

Ambon lies in the Moluccas, which Spalding et al. (2001) group with Irian Jaya as the last of Indonesia's sub-regions. They describe an area of complex bathymetry and very deep water, where islands only tens of kilometers apart may be separated by more than 1,000 m and the sea is mostly clear and oceanic. Winds shift with the monsoons, blowing from the northwest across most of the sub-region in the Northeast Monsoon and from the southeast toward the southern Moluccas in the Southeast Monsoon, and surface currents are mixed. The authors give no account of Ambon's shores. For Indonesia as a whole, they estimate about 51,020 km² of coral reef, 18% of the world total, and describe the country as spanning the region with the highest reef biodiversity on Earth.

At the regional scale, Souter et al. (2021) identify overfishing, the growth of coastal aquaculture, and siltation and eutrophication driven by land-use change as the main pressures on East Asian Seas reefs, alongside marine plastic litter, and attribute the region's coral losses after 2010 and 2016 to mass bleaching. Wilkinson (2006) reported that, as of 2004, Indonesian reefs showed some signs of recovery even as reef condition elsewhere in Southeast Asia continued to decline.

Overview

Three of the four Ambon pins are muck dives near Laha on Ambon's south coast, all made on 22 April 2018: Air Manis, Rhino City, and Laha-2. They reached maximum depths of 18.3 m, 24.7 m, and 26.2 m. The bottom at all three is sand, silt, and rubble, and visibility ran moderate to good over the coral and hazier and greener over the muck. The fourth pin, Ambon / Seram, has no photographs or survey of its own.

Coral occurs in patches within the muck, and the three dives differ sharply. At Air Manis, raised bommies and low ridges carry near-100% Acropora and Porites carpets on their tops, against bare sand between them. The coral there includes table and staghorn Acropora, Montipora, Euphyllia, Seriatopora caliendrum, Pocillopora meandrina, brain corals, and fire coral. Rhino City splits into sandy muck with isolated soft-coral trees and gorgonian fans, and a dense, healthy reef-flat section of staghorn and table Acropora thickets with a large Diploastrea heliopora. Laha-2 is overwhelmingly sand-silt and dead shell middens, with almost no coherent reef structure and only two frames showing coral at all. Photo-derived cover was 30.6% at Air Manis and 33.3% at Rhino City. The Laha-2 figure was rejected because its frames are mostly non-coral subjects.

Human impacts were photographed at two sites. A fine monofilament gillnet with small fish trapped in it was draped across bommies at Air Manis, and glass bottles, fishing line, and PVC debris were woven into the rubble at Laha-2. No crown-of-thorns or disease was seen at any of the three. The macro life is the standout: a Rhinopias, a likely ornate ghost pipefish, and a ribbon eel at Rhino City, and harlequin shrimp, a shell-carrying octopus, four frogfish, and two seahorses at Laha-2. For Ambon / Seram, the nearest Reef Check stations, about 31-34 km away, recorded 34-57% hard coral in 1997. That is a regional baseline, not a measure of the pin.

Highlights

Notable observations

Sites in this region

All images from Coral Reef Diagnostics. Data are from Coral Reef Diagnostics and Reef Check Foundation.

© Coral Reef Diagnostics.

References